author | kevin@6e1638ff-ae45-0410-89bd-df963105f760 |
Wed, 25 Feb 2009 21:21:11 +0000 | |
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permissions | -rw-r--r-- |
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\documentclass[11pt,leqno]{amsart} |
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\def\op{^\mathrm{op}} |
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\applytolist{declaremathop}{pr}{im}{gl}{ev}{coinv}{tr}{rot}{Eq}{obj}{mor}{ob}{Rep}{Tet}{cat}{Maps}{Diff}{sign}{supp}{maps}; |
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%%%%%% end excerpt |
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\title{Blob Homology} |
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\begin{document} |
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\textbf{Draft version, do not distribute.} |
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\versioninfo |
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\section*{Todo} |
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\subsection*{What else?...} |
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\begin{itemize} |
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\item higher priority |
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\begin{itemize} |
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\item K\&S: learn the state of the art in A-inf categories |
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(tensor products, Kadeishvili result, ...) |
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\item K: so-called evaluation map stuff |
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\item K: topological fields |
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\item section describing intended applications |
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\item say something about starting with semisimple n-cat (trivial?? not trivial?) |
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\item T.O.C. |
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\end{itemize} |
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\item medium priority |
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\begin{itemize} |
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\item $n=2$ examples |
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\item dimension $n+1$ (generalized Deligne conjecture?) |
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\item should be clear about PL vs Diff; probably PL is better |
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(or maybe not) |
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\item say what we mean by $n$-category, $A_\infty$ or $E_\infty$ $n$-category |
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\item something about higher derived coend things (derived 2-coend, e.g.) |
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\item shuffle product vs gluing product (?) |
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\item commutative algebra results |
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\item $A_\infty$ blob complex |
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\item connection between $A_\infty$ operad and topological $A_\infty$ cat defs |
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\end{itemize} |
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\item lower priority |
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\begin{itemize} |
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\item Derive Hochschild standard results from blob point of view? |
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\item Kh |
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\end{itemize} |
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\end{itemize} |
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\section{Introduction} |
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[Outline for intro] |
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\begin{itemize} |
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\item Starting point: TQFTs via fields and local relations. |
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This gives a satisfactory treatment for semisimple TQFTs |
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(i.e. TQFTs for which the cylinder 1-category associated to an |
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$n{-}1$-manifold $Y$ is semisimple for all $Y$). |
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\item For non-semiemple TQFTs, this approach is less satisfactory. |
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Our main motivating example (though we will not develop it in this paper) |
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is the $4{+}1$-dimensional TQFT associated to Khovanov homology. |
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It associates a bigraded vector space $A_{Kh}(W^4, L)$ to a 4-manifold $W$ together |
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with a link $L \subset \bd W$. |
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The original Khovanov homology of a link in $S^3$ is recovered as $A_{Kh}(B^4, L)$. |
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\item How would we go about computing $A_{Kh}(W^4, L)$? |
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For $A_{Kh}(B^4, L)$, the main tool is the exact triangle (long exact sequence) |
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\nn{... $L_1, L_2, L_3$}. |
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Unfortunately, the exactness breaks if we glue $B^4$ to itself and attempt |
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to compute $A_{Kh}(S^1\times B^3, L)$. |
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According to the gluing theorem for TQFTs-via-fields, gluing along $B^3 \subset \bd B^4$ |
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corresponds to taking a coend (self tensor product) over the cylinder category |
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associated to $B^3$ (with appropriate boundary conditions). |
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The coend is not an exact functor, so the exactness of the triangle breaks. |
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\item The obvious solution to this problem is to replace the coend with its derived counterpart. |
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This presumably works fine for $S^1\times B^3$ (the answer being to Hochschild homology |
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of an appropriate bimodule), but for more complicated 4-manifolds this leaves much to be desired. |
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If we build our manifold up via a handle decomposition, the computation |
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would be a sequence of derived coends. |
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A different handle decomposition of the same manifold would yield a different |
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sequence of derived coends. |
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To show that our definition in terms of derived coends is well-defined, we |
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would need to show that the above two sequences of derived coends yield the same answer. |
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This is probably not easy to do. |
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\item Instead, we would prefer a definition for a derived version of $A_{Kh}(W^4, L)$ |
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which is manifestly invariant. |
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(That is, a definition that does not |
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involve choosing a decomposition of $W$. |
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After all, one of the virtues of our starting point --- TQFTs via field and local relations --- |
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is that it has just this sort of manifest invariance.) |
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\item The solution is to replace $A_{Kh}(W^4, L)$, which is a quotient |
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\[ |
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\text{linear combinations of fields} \;\big/\; \text{local relations} , |
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\] |
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with an appropriately free resolution (the ``blob complex") |
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\[ |
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\cdots\to \bc_2(W, L) \to \bc_1(W, L) \to \bc_0(W, L) . |
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\] |
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Here $\bc_0$ is linear combinations of fields on $W$, |
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$\bc_1$ is linear combinations of local relations on $W$, |
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$\bc_1$ is linear combinations of relations amongst relations on $W$, |
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and so on. |
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\item None of the above ideas depend on the details of the Khovanov homology example, |
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so we develop the general theory in the paper and postpone specific applications |
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to later papers. |
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\item The blob complex enjoys the following nice properties \nn{...} |
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\end{itemize} |
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58
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\bigskip |
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\hrule |
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\bigskip |
22
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|
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We then show that blob homology enjoys the following |
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\ref{property:gluing} properties. |
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181 |
|
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\begin{property}[Functoriality] |
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\label{property:functoriality}% |
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Blob homology is functorial with respect to diffeomorphisms. That is, fixing an $n$-dimensional system of fields $\cF$ and local relations $\cU$, the association |
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\begin{equation*} |
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X \mapsto \bc_*^{\cF,\cU}(X) |
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\end{equation*} |
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is a functor from $n$-manifolds and diffeomorphisms between them to chain complexes and isomorphisms between them. |
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\scott{Do we want to or need to weaken `isomorphisms' to `homotopy equivalences' or `quasi-isomorphisms'?} |
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\end{property} |
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191 |
|
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\begin{property}[Disjoint union] |
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\label{property:disjoint-union} |
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The blob complex of a disjoint union is naturally the tensor product of the blob complexes. |
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\begin{equation*} |
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\bc_*(X_1 \sqcup X_2) \iso \bc_*(X_1) \tensor \bc_*(X_2) |
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\end{equation*} |
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\end{property} |
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199 |
|
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\begin{property}[A map for gluing] |
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\label{property:gluing-map}% |
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If $X_1$ and $X_2$ are $n$-manifolds, with $Y$ a codimension $0$-submanifold of $\bdy X_1$, and $Y^{\text{op}}$ a codimension $0$-submanifold of $\bdy X_2$, |
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there is a chain map |
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204 |
\begin{equation*} |
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\gl_Y: \bc_*(X_1) \tensor \bc_*(X_2) \to \bc_*(X_1 \cup_Y X_2). |
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\end{equation*} |
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\end{property} |
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208 |
|
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\begin{property}[Contractibility] |
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\label{property:contractibility}% |
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\todo{Err, requires a splitting?} |
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The blob complex for an $n$-category on an $n$-ball is quasi-isomorphic to its $0$-th homology. |
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213 |
\begin{equation} |
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\xymatrix{\bc_*^{\cC}(B^n) \ar[r]^{\iso}_{\text{qi}} & H_0(\bc_*^{\cC}(B^n))} |
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215 |
\end{equation} |
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\todo{Say that this is just the original $n$-category?} |
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\end{property} |
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218 |
|
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219 |
\begin{property}[Skein modules] |
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\label{property:skein-modules}% |
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The $0$-th blob homology of $X$ is the usual skein module associated to $X$. (See \S \ref{sec:local-relations}.) |
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222 |
\begin{equation*} |
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H_0(\bc_*^{\cF,\cU}(X)) \iso A^{\cF,\cU}(X) |
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224 |
\end{equation*} |
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225 |
\end{property} |
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227 |
\begin{property}[Hochschild homology when $X=S^1$] |
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228 |
\label{property:hochschild}% |
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229 |
The blob complex for a $1$-category $\cC$ on the circle is |
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230 |
quasi-isomorphic to the Hochschild complex. |
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231 |
\begin{equation*} |
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232 |
\xymatrix{\bc_*^{\cC}(S^1) \ar[r]^{\iso}_{\text{qi}} & HC_*(\cC)} |
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233 |
\end{equation*} |
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234 |
\end{property} |
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235 |
|
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236 |
\begin{property}[Evaluation map] |
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237 |
\label{property:evaluation}% |
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238 |
There is an `evaluation' chain map |
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239 |
\begin{equation*} |
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240 |
\ev_X: \CD{X} \tensor \bc_*(X) \to \bc_*(X). |
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241 |
\end{equation*} |
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242 |
(Here $\CD{X}$ is the singular chain complex of the space of diffeomorphisms of $X$, fixed on $\bdy X$.) |
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243 |
|
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244 |
Restricted to $C_0(\Diff(X))$ this is just the action of diffeomorphisms described in Property \ref{property:functoriality}. Further, for |
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any codimension $1$-submanifold $Y \subset X$ dividing $X$ into $X_1 \cup_Y X_2$, the following diagram |
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246 |
(using the gluing maps described in Property \ref{property:gluing-map}) commutes. |
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247 |
\begin{equation*} |
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248 |
\xymatrix{ |
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249 |
\CD{X} \otimes \bc_*(X) \ar[r]^{\ev_X} & \bc_*(X) \\ |
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\CD{X_1} \otimes \CD{X_2} \otimes \bc_*(X_1) \otimes \bc_*(X_2) |
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\ar@/_4ex/[r]_{\ev_{X_1} \otimes \ev_{X_2}} \ar[u]^{\gl^{\Diff}_Y \otimes \gl_Y} & |
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\bc_*(X_1) \otimes \bc_*(X_2) \ar[u]_{\gl_Y} |
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253 |
} |
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254 |
\end{equation*} |
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\end{property} |
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256 |
|
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257 |
\begin{property}[Gluing formula] |
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\label{property:gluing}% |
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\mbox{}% <-- gets the indenting right |
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\begin{itemize} |
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\item For any $(n-1)$-manifold $Y$, the blob homology of $Y \times I$ is |
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naturally an $A_\infty$ category. % We'll write $\bc_*(Y)$ for $\bc_*(Y \times I)$ below. |
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263 |
|
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264 |
\item For any $n$-manifold $X$, with $Y$ a codimension $0$-submanifold of its boundary, the blob homology of $X$ is naturally an |
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265 |
$A_\infty$ module for $\bc_*(Y \times I)$. |
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266 |
|
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\item For any $n$-manifold $X$, with $Y \cup Y^{\text{op}}$ a codimension |
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268 |
$0$-submanifold of its boundary, the blob homology of $X'$, obtained from |
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269 |
$X$ by gluing along $Y$, is the $A_\infty$ self-tensor product of |
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270 |
$\bc_*(X)$ as an $\bc_*(Y \times I)$-bimodule. |
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271 |
\begin{equation*} |
54 | 272 |
\bc_*(X') \iso \bc_*(X) \Tensor^{A_\infty}_{\mathclap{\bc_*(Y \times I)}} \!\!\!\!\!\!\xymatrix{ \ar@(ru,rd)@<-1ex>[]} |
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273 |
\end{equation*} |
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274 |
\end{itemize} |
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275 |
\end{property} |
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276 |
|
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277 |
Properties \ref{property:functoriality}, \ref{property:gluing-map} and \ref{property:skein-modules} will be immediate from the definition given in |
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\S \ref{sec:blob-definition}, and we'll recall them at the appropriate points there. \todo{Make sure this gets done.} |
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279 |
Properties \ref{property:disjoint-union} and \ref{property:contractibility} are established in \S \ref{sec:basic-properties}. |
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Property \ref{property:hochschild} is established in \S \ref{sec:hochschild}, Property \ref{property:evaluation} in \S \ref{sec:evaluation}, |
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and Property \ref{property:gluing} in \S \ref{sec:gluing}. |
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282 |
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283 |
\section{Definitions} |
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284 |
\label{sec:definitions} |
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285 |
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286 |
\subsection{Systems of fields} |
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287 |
\label{sec:fields} |
0 | 288 |
|
289 |
Fix a top dimension $n$. |
|
290 |
||
8 | 291 |
A {\it system of fields} |
0 | 292 |
\nn{maybe should look for better name; but this is the name I use elsewhere} |
293 |
is a collection of functors $\cC$ from manifolds of dimension $n$ or less |
|
294 |
to sets. |
|
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295 |
These functors must satisfy various properties (see \cite{kw:tqft} for details). |
8 | 296 |
For example: |
0 | 297 |
there is a canonical identification $\cC(X \du Y) = \cC(X) \times \cC(Y)$; |
298 |
there is a restriction map $\cC(X) \to \cC(\bd X)$; |
|
299 |
gluing manifolds corresponds to fibered products of fields; |
|
8 | 300 |
given a field $c \in \cC(Y)$ there is a ``product field" |
0 | 301 |
$c\times I \in \cC(Y\times I)$; ... |
302 |
\nn{should eventually include full details of definition of fields.} |
|
303 |
||
55 | 304 |
\input{text/fields.tex} |
305 |
||
8 | 306 |
\nn{note: probably will suppress from notation the distinction |
0 | 307 |
between fields and their (orientation-reversal) duals} |
308 |
||
309 |
\nn{remark that if top dimensional fields are not already linear |
|
310 |
then we will soon linearize them(?)} |
|
311 |
||
8 | 312 |
The definition of a system of fields is intended to generalize |
0 | 313 |
the relevant properties of the following two examples of fields. |
314 |
||
315 |
The first example: Fix a target space $B$ and define $\cC(X)$ (where $X$ |
|
8 | 316 |
is a manifold of dimension $n$ or less) to be the set of |
0 | 317 |
all maps from $X$ to $B$. |
318 |
||
319 |
The second example will take longer to explain. |
|
8 | 320 |
Given an $n$-category $C$ with the right sort of duality |
321 |
(e.g. pivotal 2-category, 1-category with duals, star 1-category, disklike $n$-category), |
|
0 | 322 |
we can construct a system of fields as follows. |
323 |
Roughly speaking, $\cC(X)$ will the set of all embedded cell complexes in $X$ |
|
324 |
with codimension $i$ cells labeled by $i$-morphisms of $C$. |
|
325 |
We'll spell this out for $n=1,2$ and then describe the general case. |
|
326 |
||
327 |
If $X$ has boundary, we require that the cell decompositions are in general |
|
328 |
position with respect to the boundary --- the boundary intersects each cell |
|
329 |
transversely, so cells meeting the boundary are mere half-cells. |
|
330 |
||
331 |
Put another way, the cell decompositions we consider are dual to standard cell |
|
332 |
decompositions of $X$. |
|
333 |
||
334 |
We will always assume that our $n$-categories have linear $n$-morphisms. |
|
335 |
||
336 |
For $n=1$, a field on a 0-manifold $P$ is a labeling of each point of $P$ with |
|
337 |
an object (0-morphism) of the 1-category $C$. |
|
338 |
A field on a 1-manifold $S$ consists of |
|
339 |
\begin{itemize} |
|
8 | 340 |
\item A cell decomposition of $S$ (equivalently, a finite collection |
0 | 341 |
of points in the interior of $S$); |
8 | 342 |
\item a labeling of each 1-cell (and each half 1-cell adjacent to $\bd S$) |
0 | 343 |
by an object (0-morphism) of $C$; |
8 | 344 |
\item a transverse orientation of each 0-cell, thought of as a choice of |
0 | 345 |
``domain" and ``range" for the two adjacent 1-cells; and |
8 | 346 |
\item a labeling of each 0-cell by a morphism (1-morphism) of $C$, with |
0 | 347 |
domain and range determined by the transverse orientation and the labelings of the 1-cells. |
348 |
\end{itemize} |
|
349 |
||
350 |
If $C$ is an algebra (i.e. if $C$ has only one 0-morphism) we can ignore the labels |
|
8 | 351 |
of 1-cells, so a field on a 1-manifold $S$ is a finite collection of points in the |
0 | 352 |
interior of $S$, each transversely oriented and each labeled by an element (1-morphism) |
353 |
of the algebra. |
|
354 |
||
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355 |
\medskip |
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356 |
|
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357 |
For $n=2$, fields are just the sort of pictures based on 2-categories (e.g.\ tensor categories) |
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358 |
that are common in the literature. |
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359 |
We describe these carefully here. |
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360 |
|
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361 |
A field on a 0-manifold $P$ is a labeling of each point of $P$ with |
0 | 362 |
an object of the 2-category $C$. |
363 |
A field of a 1-manifold is defined as in the $n=1$ case, using the 0- and 1-morphisms of $C$. |
|
364 |
A field on a 2-manifold $Y$ consists of |
|
365 |
\begin{itemize} |
|
8 | 366 |
\item A cell decomposition of $Y$ (equivalently, a graph embedded in $Y$ such |
0 | 367 |
that each component of the complement is homeomorphic to a disk); |
8 | 368 |
\item a labeling of each 2-cell (and each partial 2-cell adjacent to $\bd Y$) |
0 | 369 |
by a 0-morphism of $C$; |
8 | 370 |
\item a transverse orientation of each 1-cell, thought of as a choice of |
0 | 371 |
``domain" and ``range" for the two adjacent 2-cells; |
8 | 372 |
\item a labeling of each 1-cell by a 1-morphism of $C$, with |
373 |
domain and range determined by the transverse orientation of the 1-cell |
|
0 | 374 |
and the labelings of the 2-cells; |
8 | 375 |
\item for each 0-cell, a homeomorphism of the boundary $R$ of a small neighborhood |
0 | 376 |
of the 0-cell to $S^1$ such that the intersections of the 1-cells with $R$ are not mapped |
377 |
to $\pm 1 \in S^1$; and |
|
8 | 378 |
\item a labeling of each 0-cell by a 2-morphism of $C$, with domain and range |
0 | 379 |
determined by the labelings of the 1-cells and the parameterizations of the previous |
380 |
bullet. |
|
381 |
\end{itemize} |
|
382 |
\nn{need to say this better; don't try to fit everything into the bulleted list} |
|
383 |
||
384 |
For general $n$, a field on a $k$-manifold $X^k$ consists of |
|
385 |
\begin{itemize} |
|
8 | 386 |
\item A cell decomposition of $X$; |
387 |
\item an explicit general position homeomorphism from the link of each $j$-cell |
|
0 | 388 |
to the boundary of the standard $(k-j)$-dimensional bihedron; and |
8 | 389 |
\item a labeling of each $j$-cell by a $(k-j)$-dimensional morphism of $C$, with |
0 | 390 |
domain and range determined by the labelings of the link of $j$-cell. |
391 |
\end{itemize} |
|
392 |
||
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393 |
%\nn{next definition might need some work; I think linearity relations should |
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394 |
%be treated differently (segregated) from other local relations, but I'm not sure |
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395 |
%the next definition is the best way to do it} |
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396 |
|
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397 |
\medskip |
0 | 398 |
|
8 | 399 |
For top dimensional ($n$-dimensional) manifolds, we're actually interested |
0 | 400 |
in the linearized space of fields. |
401 |
By default, define $\cC_l(X) = \c[\cC(X)]$; that is, $\cC_l(X)$ is |
|
8 | 402 |
the vector space of finite |
0 | 403 |
linear combinations of fields on $X$. |
404 |
If $X$ has boundary, we of course fix a boundary condition: $\cC_l(X; a) = \c[\cC(X; a)]$. |
|
405 |
Thus the restriction (to boundary) maps are well defined because we never |
|
406 |
take linear combinations of fields with differing boundary conditions. |
|
407 |
||
408 |
In some cases we don't linearize the default way; instead we take the |
|
409 |
spaces $\cC_l(X; a)$ to be part of the data for the system of fields. |
|
410 |
In particular, for fields based on linear $n$-category pictures we linearize as follows. |
|
8 | 411 |
Define $\cC_l(X; a) = \c[\cC(X; a)]/K$, where $K$ is the space generated by |
0 | 412 |
obvious relations on 0-cell labels. |
8 | 413 |
More specifically, let $L$ be a cell decomposition of $X$ |
0 | 414 |
and let $p$ be a 0-cell of $L$. |
415 |
Let $\alpha_c$ and $\alpha_d$ be two labelings of $L$ which are identical except that |
|
416 |
$\alpha_c$ labels $p$ by $c$ and $\alpha_d$ labels $p$ by $d$. |
|
417 |
Then the subspace $K$ is generated by things of the form |
|
418 |
$\lambda \alpha_c + \alpha_d - \alpha_{\lambda c + d}$, where we leave it to the reader |
|
419 |
to infer the meaning of $\alpha_{\lambda c + d}$. |
|
420 |
Note that we are still assuming that $n$-categories have linear spaces of $n$-morphisms. |
|
421 |
||
8 | 422 |
\nn{Maybe comment further: if there's a natural basis of morphisms, then no need; |
0 | 423 |
will do something similar below; in general, whenever a label lives in a linear |
8 | 424 |
space we do something like this; ? say something about tensor |
0 | 425 |
product of all the linear label spaces? Yes:} |
426 |
||
427 |
For top dimensional ($n$-dimensional) manifolds, we linearize as follows. |
|
428 |
Define an ``almost-field" to be a field without labels on the 0-cells. |
|
429 |
(Recall that 0-cells are labeled by $n$-morphisms.) |
|
430 |
To each unlabeled 0-cell in an almost field there corresponds a (linear) $n$-morphism |
|
431 |
space determined by the labeling of the link of the 0-cell. |
|
432 |
(If the 0-cell were labeled, the label would live in this space.) |
|
433 |
We associate to each almost-labeling the tensor product of these spaces (one for each 0-cell). |
|
8 | 434 |
We now define $\cC_l(X; a)$ to be the direct sum over all almost labelings of the |
0 | 435 |
above tensor products. |
436 |
||
437 |
||
438 |
||
439 |
\subsection{Local relations} |
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440 |
\label{sec:local-relations} |
0 | 441 |
|
442 |
Let $B^n$ denote the standard $n$-ball. |
|
8 | 443 |
A {\it local relation} is a collection subspaces $U(B^n; c) \sub \cC_l(B^n; c)$ |
0 | 444 |
(for all $c \in \cC(\bd B^n)$) satisfying the following (three?) properties. |
445 |
||
8 | 446 |
\nn{Roughly, these are (1) the local relations imply (extended) isotopy; |
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447 |
(2) $U(B^n; \cdot)$ is an ideal w.r.t.\ gluing; and |
8 | 448 |
(3) this ideal is generated by ``small" generators (contained in an open cover of $B^n$). |
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449 |
See \cite{kw:tqft} for details. Need to transfer details to here.} |
0 | 450 |
|
451 |
For maps into spaces, $U(B^n; c)$ is generated by things of the form $a-b \in \cC_l(B^n; c)$, |
|
452 |
where $a$ and $b$ are maps (fields) which are homotopic rel boundary. |
|
453 |
||
454 |
For $n$-category pictures, $U(B^n; c)$ is equal to the kernel of the evaluation map |
|
455 |
$\cC_l(B^n; c) \to \mor(c', c'')$, where $(c', c'')$ is some (any) division of $c$ into |
|
456 |
domain and range. |
|
457 |
||
458 |
\nn{maybe examples of local relations before general def?} |
|
459 |
||
460 |
Note that the $Y$ is an $n$-manifold which is merely homeomorphic to the standard $B^n$, |
|
461 |
then any homeomorphism $B^n \to Y$ induces the same local subspaces for $Y$. |
|
462 |
We'll denote these by $U(Y; c) \sub \cC_l(Y; c)$, $c \in \cC(\bd Y)$. |
|
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463 |
\nn{Is this true in high (smooth) dimensions? Self-diffeomorphisms of $B^n$ |
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464 |
rel boundary might not be isotopic to the identity. OK for PL and TOP?} |
0 | 465 |
|
466 |
Given a system of fields and local relations, we define the skein space |
|
467 |
$A(Y^n; c)$ to be the space of all finite linear combinations of fields on |
|
468 |
the $n$-manifold $Y$ modulo local relations. |
|
469 |
The Hilbert space $Z(Y; c)$ for the TQFT based on the fields and local relations |
|
470 |
is defined to be the dual of $A(Y; c)$. |
|
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471 |
(See \cite{kw:tqft} or xxxx for details.) |
0 | 472 |
|
473 |
The blob complex is in some sense the derived version of $A(Y; c)$. |
|
474 |
||
475 |
||
476 |
||
477 |
\subsection{The blob complex} |
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478 |
\label{sec:blob-definition} |
0 | 479 |
|
480 |
Let $X$ be an $n$-manifold. |
|
481 |
Assume a fixed system of fields. |
|
482 |
In this section we will usually suppress boundary conditions on $X$ from the notation |
|
483 |
(e.g. write $\cC_l(X)$ instead of $\cC_l(X; c)$). |
|
484 |
||
8 | 485 |
We only consider compact manifolds, so if $Y \sub X$ is a closed codimension 0 |
0 | 486 |
submanifold of $X$, then $X \setmin Y$ implicitly means the closure |
487 |
$\overline{X \setmin Y}$. |
|
488 |
||
489 |
We will define $\bc_0(X)$, $\bc_1(X)$ and $\bc_2(X)$, then give the general case. |
|
490 |
||
491 |
Define $\bc_0(X) = \cC_l(X)$. |
|
492 |
(If $X$ has nonempty boundary, instead define $\bc_0(X; c) = \cC_l(X; c)$. |
|
493 |
We'll omit this sort of detail in the rest of this section.) |
|
494 |
In other words, $\bc_0(X)$ is just the space of all linearized fields on $X$. |
|
495 |
||
496 |
$\bc_1(X)$ is the space of all local relations that can be imposed on $\bc_0(X)$. |
|
497 |
More specifically, define a 1-blob diagram to consist of |
|
498 |
\begin{itemize} |
|
499 |
\item An embedded closed ball (``blob") $B \sub X$. |
|
500 |
%\nn{Does $B$ need a homeo to the standard $B^n$? I don't think so. |
|
501 |
%(See note in previous subsection.)} |
|
502 |
%\item A field (boundary condition) $c \in \cC(\bd B) = \cC(\bd(X \setmin B))$. |
|
503 |
\item A field $r \in \cC(X \setmin B; c)$ |
|
504 |
(for some $c \in \cC(\bd B) = \cC(\bd(X \setmin B))$). |
|
505 |
\item A local relation field $u \in U(B; c)$ |
|
506 |
(same $c$ as previous bullet). |
|
507 |
\end{itemize} |
|
1
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|
508 |
%(Note that the field $c$ is determined (implicitly) as the boundary of $u$ and/or $r$, |
0 | 509 |
%so we will omit $c$ from the notation.) |
510 |
Define $\bc_1(X)$ to be the space of all finite linear combinations of |
|
511 |
1-blob diagrams, modulo the simple relations relating labels of 0-cells and |
|
512 |
also the label ($u$ above) of the blob. |
|
513 |
\nn{maybe spell this out in more detail} |
|
514 |
(See xxxx above.) |
|
515 |
\nn{maybe restate this in terms of direct sums of tensor products.} |
|
516 |
||
517 |
There is a map $\bd : \bc_1(X) \to \bc_0(X)$ which sends $(B, r, u)$ to $ru$, the linear |
|
518 |
combination of fields on $X$ obtained by gluing $r$ to $u$. |
|
8 | 519 |
In other words $\bd : \bc_1(X) \to \bc_0(X)$ is given by |
0 | 520 |
just erasing the blob from the picture |
521 |
(but keeping the blob label $u$). |
|
522 |
||
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|
523 |
Note that the skein space $A(X)$ |
0 | 524 |
is naturally isomorphic to $\bc_0(X)/\bd(\bc_1(X))) = H_0(\bc_*(X))$. |
525 |
||
526 |
$\bc_2(X)$ is the space of all relations (redundancies) among the relations of $\bc_1(X)$. |
|
8 | 527 |
More specifically, $\bc_2(X)$ is the space of all finite linear combinations of |
0 | 528 |
2-blob diagrams (defined below), modulo the usual linear label relations. |
529 |
\nn{and also modulo blob reordering relations?} |
|
530 |
||
531 |
\nn{maybe include longer discussion to motivate the two sorts of 2-blob diagrams} |
|
532 |
||
533 |
There are two types of 2-blob diagram: disjoint and nested. |
|
534 |
A disjoint 2-blob diagram consists of |
|
535 |
\begin{itemize} |
|
536 |
\item A pair of disjoint closed balls (blobs) $B_0, B_1 \sub X$. |
|
537 |
%\item Fields (boundary conditions) $c_i \in \cC(\bd B_i)$. |
|
538 |
\item A field $r \in \cC(X \setmin (B_0 \cup B_1); c_0, c_1)$ |
|
539 |
(where $c_i \in \cC(\bd B_i)$). |
|
540 |
\item Local relation fields $u_i \in U(B_i; c_i)$. |
|
541 |
\end{itemize} |
|
542 |
Define $\bd(B_0, B_1, r, u_0, u_1) = (B_1, ru_0, u_1) - (B_0, ru_1, u_0) \in \bc_1(X)$. |
|
543 |
In other words, the boundary of a disjoint 2-blob diagram |
|
544 |
is the sum (with alternating signs) |
|
545 |
of the two ways of erasing one of the blobs. |
|
546 |
It's easy to check that $\bd^2 = 0$. |
|
547 |
||
548 |
A nested 2-blob diagram consists of |
|
549 |
\begin{itemize} |
|
550 |
\item A pair of nested balls (blobs) $B_0 \sub B_1 \sub X$. |
|
551 |
\item A field $r \in \cC(X \setmin B_0; c_0)$ |
|
552 |
(for some $c_0 \in \cC(\bd B_0)$). |
|
553 |
Let $r = r_1 \cup r'$, where $r_1 \in \cC(B_1 \setmin B_0; c_0, c_1)$ |
|
554 |
(for some $c_1 \in \cC(B_1)$) and |
|
555 |
$r' \in \cC(X \setmin B_1; c_1)$. |
|
556 |
\item A local relation field $u_0 \in U(B_0; c_0)$. |
|
557 |
\end{itemize} |
|
558 |
Define $\bd(B_0, B_1, r, u_0) = (B_1, r', r_1u_0) - (B_0, r, u_0)$. |
|
559 |
Note that xxxx above guarantees that $r_1u_0 \in U(B_1)$. |
|
560 |
As in the disjoint 2-blob case, the boundary of a nested 2-blob is the alternating |
|
561 |
sum of the two ways of erasing one of the blobs. |
|
562 |
If we erase the inner blob, the outer blob inherits the label $r_1u_0$. |
|
563 |
||
564 |
Now for the general case. |
|
565 |
A $k$-blob diagram consists of |
|
566 |
\begin{itemize} |
|
567 |
\item A collection of blobs $B_i \sub X$, $i = 0, \ldots, k-1$. |
|
568 |
For each $i$ and $j$, we require that either $B_i \cap B_j$ is empty or |
|
569 |
$B_i \sub B_j$ or $B_j \sub B_i$. |
|
570 |
(The case $B_i = B_j$ is allowed. |
|
571 |
If $B_i \sub B_j$ the boundaries of $B_i$ and $B_j$ are allowed to intersect.) |
|
572 |
If a blob has no other blobs strictly contained in it, we call it a twig blob. |
|
573 |
%\item Fields (boundary conditions) $c_i \in \cC(\bd B_i)$. |
|
574 |
%(These are implied by the data in the next bullets, so we usually |
|
575 |
%suppress them from the notation.) |
|
576 |
%$c_i$ and $c_j$ must have identical restrictions to $\bd B_i \cap \bd B_j$ |
|
577 |
%if the latter space is not empty. |
|
578 |
\item A field $r \in \cC(X \setmin B^t; c^t)$, |
|
579 |
where $B^t$ is the union of all the twig blobs and $c^t \in \cC(\bd B^t)$. |
|
580 |
\item For each twig blob $B_j$ a local relation field $u_j \in U(B_j; c_j)$, |
|
581 |
where $c_j$ is the restriction of $c^t$ to $\bd B_j$. |
|
582 |
If $B_i = B_j$ then $u_i = u_j$. |
|
583 |
\end{itemize} |
|
584 |
||
585 |
We define $\bc_k(X)$ to be the vector space of all finite linear combinations |
|
586 |
of $k$-blob diagrams, modulo the linear label relations and |
|
587 |
blob reordering relations defined in the remainder of this paragraph. |
|
588 |
Let $x$ be a blob diagram with one undetermined $n$-morphism label. |
|
589 |
The unlabeled entity is either a blob or a 0-cell outside of the twig blobs. |
|
590 |
Let $a$ and $b$ be two possible $n$-morphism labels for |
|
591 |
the unlabeled blob or 0-cell. |
|
592 |
Let $c = \lambda a + b$. |
|
593 |
Let $x_a$ be the blob diagram with label $a$, and define $x_b$ and $x_c$ similarly. |
|
594 |
Then we impose the relation |
|
595 |
\eq{ |
|
8 | 596 |
x_c = \lambda x_a + x_b . |
0 | 597 |
} |
598 |
\nn{should do this in terms of direct sums of tensor products} |
|
599 |
Let $x$ and $x'$ be two blob diagrams which differ only by a permutation $\pi$ |
|
600 |
of their blob labelings. |
|
601 |
Then we impose the relation |
|
602 |
\eq{ |
|
8 | 603 |
x = \sign(\pi) x' . |
0 | 604 |
} |
605 |
||
606 |
(Alert readers will have noticed that for $k=2$ our definition |
|
607 |
of $\bc_k(X)$ is slightly different from the previous definition |
|
4
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|
608 |
of $\bc_2(X)$ --- we did not impose the reordering relations. |
0 | 609 |
The general definition takes precedence; |
610 |
the earlier definition was simplified for purposes of exposition.) |
|
611 |
||
612 |
The boundary map $\bd : \bc_k(X) \to \bc_{k-1}(X)$ is defined as follows. |
|
613 |
Let $b = (\{B_i\}, r, \{u_j\})$ be a $k$-blob diagram. |
|
614 |
Let $E_j(b)$ denote the result of erasing the $j$-th blob. |
|
615 |
If $B_j$ is not a twig blob, this involves only decrementing |
|
616 |
the indices of blobs $B_{j+1},\ldots,B_{k-1}$. |
|
617 |
If $B_j$ is a twig blob, we have to assign new local relation labels |
|
618 |
if removing $B_j$ creates new twig blobs. |
|
619 |
If $B_l$ becomes a twig after removing $B_j$, then set $u_l = r_lu_j$, |
|
620 |
where $r_l$ is the restriction of $r$ to $B_l \setmin B_j$. |
|
621 |
Finally, define |
|
622 |
\eq{ |
|
8 | 623 |
\bd(b) = \sum_{j=0}^{k-1} (-1)^j E_j(b). |
0 | 624 |
} |
625 |
The $(-1)^j$ factors imply that the terms of $\bd^2(b)$ all cancel. |
|
626 |
Thus we have a chain complex. |
|
627 |
||
628 |
\nn{?? say something about the ``shape" of tree? (incl = cone, disj = product)} |
|
629 |
||
630 |
||
8 | 631 |
\nn{TO DO: |
632 |
expand definition to handle DGA and $A_\infty$ versions of $n$-categories; |
|
4
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|
633 |
relations to Chas-Sullivan string stuff} |
0 | 634 |
|
635 |
||
636 |
||
637 |
\section{Basic properties of the blob complex} |
|
22
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|
638 |
\label{sec:basic-properties} |
0 | 639 |
|
640 |
\begin{prop} \label{disjunion} |
|
641 |
There is a natural isomorphism $\bc_*(X \du Y) \cong \bc_*(X) \otimes \bc_*(Y)$. |
|
642 |
\end{prop} |
|
643 |
\begin{proof} |
|
644 |
Given blob diagrams $b_1$ on $X$ and $b_2$ on $Y$, we can combine them |
|
8 | 645 |
(putting the $b_1$ blobs before the $b_2$ blobs in the ordering) to get a |
0 | 646 |
blob diagram $(b_1, b_2)$ on $X \du Y$. |
647 |
Because of the blob reordering relations, all blob diagrams on $X \du Y$ arise this way. |
|
648 |
In the other direction, any blob diagram on $X\du Y$ is equal (up to sign) |
|
649 |
to one that puts $X$ blobs before $Y$ blobs in the ordering, and so determines |
|
650 |
a pair of blob diagrams on $X$ and $Y$. |
|
651 |
These two maps are compatible with our sign conventions \nn{say more about this?} and |
|
652 |
with the linear label relations. |
|
653 |
The two maps are inverses of each other. |
|
654 |
\nn{should probably say something about sign conventions for the differential |
|
655 |
in a tensor product of chain complexes; ask Scott} |
|
656 |
\end{proof} |
|
657 |
||
658 |
For the next proposition we will temporarily restore $n$-manifold boundary |
|
659 |
conditions to the notation. |
|
660 |
||
8 | 661 |
Suppose that for all $c \in \cC(\bd B^n)$ |
662 |
we have a splitting $s: H_0(\bc_*(B^n, c)) \to \bc_0(B^n; c)$ |
|
0 | 663 |
of the quotient map |
664 |
$p: \bc_0(B^n; c) \to H_0(\bc_*(B^n, c))$. |
|
665 |
\nn{always the case if we're working over $\c$}. |
|
666 |
Then |
|
667 |
\begin{prop} \label{bcontract} |
|
668 |
For all $c \in \cC(\bd B^n)$ the natural map $p: \bc_*(B^n, c) \to H_0(\bc_*(B^n, c))$ |
|
669 |
is a chain homotopy equivalence |
|
670 |
with inverse $s: H_0(\bc_*(B^n, c)) \to \bc_*(B^n; c)$. |
|
671 |
Here we think of $H_0(\bc_*(B^n, c))$ as a 1-step complex concentrated in degree 0. |
|
672 |
\end{prop} |
|
673 |
\begin{proof} |
|
674 |
By assumption $p\circ s = \id$, so all that remains is to find a degree 1 map |
|
675 |
$h : \bc_*(B^n; c) \to \bc_*(B^n; c)$ such that $\bd h + h\bd = \id - s \circ p$. |
|
676 |
For $i \ge 1$, define $h_i : \bc_i(B^n; c) \to \bc_{i+1}(B^n; c)$ by adding |
|
677 |
an $(i{+}1)$-st blob equal to all of $B^n$. |
|
678 |
In other words, add a new outermost blob which encloses all of the others. |
|
679 |
Define $h_0 : \bc_0(B^n; c) \to \bc_1(B^n; c)$ by setting $h_0(x)$ equal to |
|
680 |
the 1-blob with blob $B^n$ and label $x - s(p(x)) \in U(B^n; c)$. |
|
681 |
\nn{$x$ is a 0-blob diagram, i.e. $x \in \cC(B^n; c)$} |
|
682 |
\end{proof} |
|
683 |
||
8 | 684 |
(Note that for the above proof to work, we need the linear label relations |
0 | 685 |
for blob labels. |
686 |
Also we need to blob reordering relations (?).) |
|
687 |
||
688 |
(Note also that if there is no splitting $s$, we can let $h_0 = 0$ and get a homotopy |
|
689 |
equivalence to the 2-step complex $U(B^n; c) \to \cC(B^n; c)$.) |
|
690 |
||
691 |
(For fields based on $n$-cats, $H_0(\bc_*(B^n; c)) \cong \mor(c', c'')$.) |
|
692 |
||
693 |
\medskip |
|
694 |
||
695 |
As we noted above, |
|
696 |
\begin{prop} |
|
697 |
There is a natural isomorphism $H_0(\bc_*(X)) \cong A(X)$. |
|
698 |
\qed |
|
699 |
\end{prop} |
|
700 |
||
701 |
||
4
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misc. edit, nothing major
kevin@6e1638ff-ae45-0410-89bd-df963105f760
parents:
3
diff
changeset
|
702 |
% oops -- duplicate |
8599e156a169
misc. edit, nothing major
kevin@6e1638ff-ae45-0410-89bd-df963105f760
parents:
3
diff
changeset
|
703 |
|
8599e156a169
misc. edit, nothing major
kevin@6e1638ff-ae45-0410-89bd-df963105f760
parents:
3
diff
changeset
|
704 |
%\begin{prop} \label{functorialprop} |
8599e156a169
misc. edit, nothing major
kevin@6e1638ff-ae45-0410-89bd-df963105f760
parents:
3
diff
changeset
|
705 |
%The assignment $X \mapsto \bc_*(X)$ extends to a functor from the category of |
8599e156a169
misc. edit, nothing major
kevin@6e1638ff-ae45-0410-89bd-df963105f760
parents:
3
diff
changeset
|
706 |
%$n$-manifolds and homeomorphisms to the category of chain complexes and linear isomorphisms. |
8599e156a169
misc. edit, nothing major
kevin@6e1638ff-ae45-0410-89bd-df963105f760
parents:
3
diff
changeset
|
707 |
%\end{prop} |
8599e156a169
misc. edit, nothing major
kevin@6e1638ff-ae45-0410-89bd-df963105f760
parents:
3
diff
changeset
|
708 |
|
8599e156a169
misc. edit, nothing major
kevin@6e1638ff-ae45-0410-89bd-df963105f760
parents:
3
diff
changeset
|
709 |
%\begin{proof} |
8599e156a169
misc. edit, nothing major
kevin@6e1638ff-ae45-0410-89bd-df963105f760
parents:
3
diff
changeset
|
710 |
%Obvious. |
8599e156a169
misc. edit, nothing major
kevin@6e1638ff-ae45-0410-89bd-df963105f760
parents:
3
diff
changeset
|
711 |
%\end{proof} |
8599e156a169
misc. edit, nothing major
kevin@6e1638ff-ae45-0410-89bd-df963105f760
parents:
3
diff
changeset
|
712 |
|
8599e156a169
misc. edit, nothing major
kevin@6e1638ff-ae45-0410-89bd-df963105f760
parents:
3
diff
changeset
|
713 |
%\nn{need to same something about boundaries and boundary conditions above. |
8599e156a169
misc. edit, nothing major
kevin@6e1638ff-ae45-0410-89bd-df963105f760
parents:
3
diff
changeset
|
714 |
%maybe fix the boundary and consider the category of $n$-manifolds with the given boundary.} |
8599e156a169
misc. edit, nothing major
kevin@6e1638ff-ae45-0410-89bd-df963105f760
parents:
3
diff
changeset
|
715 |
|
8599e156a169
misc. edit, nothing major
kevin@6e1638ff-ae45-0410-89bd-df963105f760
parents:
3
diff
changeset
|
716 |
|
0 | 717 |
\begin{prop} |
718 |
For fixed fields ($n$-cat), $\bc_*$ is a functor from the category |
|
8 | 719 |
of $n$-manifolds and diffeomorphisms to the category of chain complexes and |
0 | 720 |
(chain map) isomorphisms. |
721 |
\qed |
|
722 |
\end{prop} |
|
723 |
||
4
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misc. edit, nothing major
kevin@6e1638ff-ae45-0410-89bd-df963105f760
parents:
3
diff
changeset
|
724 |
\nn{need to same something about boundaries and boundary conditions above. |
8599e156a169
misc. edit, nothing major
kevin@6e1638ff-ae45-0410-89bd-df963105f760
parents:
3
diff
changeset
|
725 |
maybe fix the boundary and consider the category of $n$-manifolds with the given boundary.} |
8599e156a169
misc. edit, nothing major
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parents:
3
diff
changeset
|
726 |
|
0 | 727 |
|
728 |
In particular, |
|
729 |
\begin{prop} \label{diff0prop} |
|
730 |
There is an action of $\Diff(X)$ on $\bc_*(X)$. |
|
731 |
\qed |
|
732 |
\end{prop} |
|
733 |
||
22
ada83e7228eb
rearranging; stating all the "properties" up front
scott@6e1638ff-ae45-0410-89bd-df963105f760
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21
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|
734 |
The above will be greatly strengthened in Section \ref{sec:evaluation}. |
0 | 735 |
|
736 |
\medskip |
|
737 |
||
738 |
For the next proposition we will temporarily restore $n$-manifold boundary |
|
739 |
conditions to the notation. |
|
740 |
||
741 |
Let $X$ be an $n$-manifold, $\bd X = Y \cup (-Y) \cup Z$. |
|
742 |
Gluing the two copies of $Y$ together yields an $n$-manifold $X\sgl$ |
|
743 |
with boundary $Z\sgl$. |
|
744 |
Given compatible fields (pictures, boundary conditions) $a$, $b$ and $c$ on $Y$, $-Y$ and $Z$, |
|
745 |
we have the blob complex $\bc_*(X; a, b, c)$. |
|
746 |
If $b = -a$ (the orientation reversal of $a$), then we can glue up blob diagrams on |
|
747 |
$X$ to get blob diagrams on $X\sgl$: |
|
748 |
||
749 |
\begin{prop} |
|
750 |
There is a natural chain map |
|
751 |
\eq{ |
|
8 | 752 |
\gl: \bigoplus_a \bc_*(X; a, -a, c) \to \bc_*(X\sgl; c\sgl). |
0 | 753 |
} |
8 | 754 |
The sum is over all fields $a$ on $Y$ compatible at their |
0 | 755 |
($n{-}2$-dimensional) boundaries with $c$. |
756 |
`Natural' means natural with respect to the actions of diffeomorphisms. |
|
757 |
\qed |
|
758 |
\end{prop} |
|
759 |
||
760 |
The above map is very far from being an isomorphism, even on homology. |
|
22
ada83e7228eb
rearranging; stating all the "properties" up front
scott@6e1638ff-ae45-0410-89bd-df963105f760
parents:
21
diff
changeset
|
761 |
This will be fixed in Section \ref{sec:gluing} below. |
0 | 762 |
|
763 |
An instance of gluing we will encounter frequently below is where $X = X_1 \du X_2$ |
|
764 |
and $X\sgl = X_1 \cup_Y X_2$. |
|
765 |
(Typically one of $X_1$ or $X_2$ is a disjoint union of balls.) |
|
766 |
For $x_i \in \bc_*(X_i)$, we introduce the notation |
|
767 |
\eq{ |
|
8 | 768 |
x_1 \bullet x_2 \deq \gl(x_1 \otimes x_2) . |
0 | 769 |
} |
770 |
Note that we have resumed our habit of omitting boundary labels from the notation. |
|
771 |
||
772 |
||
773 |
\bigskip |
|
774 |
||
775 |
\nn{what else?} |
|
776 |
||
15
7340ab80db25
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scott@6e1638ff-ae45-0410-89bd-df963105f760
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diff
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|
777 |
\section{Hochschild homology when $n=1$} |
7340ab80db25
rearranging the Hochschild section. Splitting things up into lemmas, and explaining why those lemmas are what we need.
scott@6e1638ff-ae45-0410-89bd-df963105f760
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13
diff
changeset
|
778 |
\label{sec:hochschild} |
7340ab80db25
rearranging the Hochschild section. Splitting things up into lemmas, and explaining why those lemmas are what we need.
scott@6e1638ff-ae45-0410-89bd-df963105f760
parents:
13
diff
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|
779 |
\input{text/hochschild} |
7
4ef2f77a4652
small to medium sized changes
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5
diff
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|
780 |
|
22
ada83e7228eb
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|
781 |
\section{Action of $\CD{X}$} |
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|
782 |
\label{sec:evaluation} |
0 | 783 |
|
784 |
Let $CD_*(X)$ denote $C_*(\Diff(X))$, the singular chain complex of |
|
785 |
the space of diffeomorphisms |
|
786 |
of the $n$-manifold $X$ (fixed on $\bd X$). |
|
787 |
For convenience, we will permit the singular cells generating $CD_*(X)$ to be more general |
|
788 |
than simplices --- they can be based on any linear polyhedron. |
|
789 |
\nn{be more restrictive here? does more need to be said?} |
|
790 |
||
791 |
\begin{prop} \label{CDprop} |
|
792 |
For each $n$-manifold $X$ there is a chain map |
|
793 |
\eq{ |
|
8 | 794 |
e_X : CD_*(X) \otimes \bc_*(X) \to \bc_*(X) . |
0 | 795 |
} |
796 |
On $CD_0(X) \otimes \bc_*(X)$ it agrees with the obvious action of $\Diff(X)$ on $\bc_*(X)$ |
|
797 |
(Proposition (\ref{diff0prop})). |
|
798 |
For any splitting $X = X_1 \cup X_2$, the following diagram commutes |
|
799 |
\eq{ \xymatrix{ |
|
8 | 800 |
CD_*(X) \otimes \bc_*(X) \ar[r]^{e_X} & \bc_*(X) \\ |
801 |
CD_*(X_1) \otimes CD_*(X_2) \otimes \bc_*(X_1) \otimes \bc_*(X_2) |
|
802 |
\ar@/_4ex/[r]_{e_{X_1} \otimes e_{X_2}} \ar[u]^{\gl \otimes \gl} & |
|
803 |
\bc_*(X_1) \otimes \bc_*(X_2) \ar[u]_{\gl} |
|
0 | 804 |
} } |
805 |
Any other map satisfying the above two properties is homotopic to $e_X$. |
|
806 |
\end{prop} |
|
807 |
||
18
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|
808 |
\nn{need to rewrite for self-gluing instead of gluing two pieces together} |
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|
809 |
|
16
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|
810 |
\nn{Should say something stronger about uniqueness. |
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|
811 |
Something like: there is |
19 | 812 |
a contractible subcomplex of the complex of chain maps |
16
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|
813 |
$CD_*(X) \otimes \bc_*(X) \to \bc_*(X)$ (0-cells are the maps, 1-cells are homotopies, etc.), |
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|
814 |
and all choices in the construction lie in the 0-cells of this |
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|
815 |
contractible subcomplex. |
19 | 816 |
Or maybe better to say any two choices are homotopic, and |
16
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|
817 |
any two homotopies and second order homotopic, and so on.} |
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|
818 |
|
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|
819 |
\nn{Also need to say something about associativity. |
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|
820 |
Put it in the above prop or make it a separate prop? |
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|
821 |
I lean toward the latter.} |
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|
822 |
\medskip |
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|
823 |
|
0 | 824 |
The proof will occupy the remainder of this section. |
18
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|
825 |
\nn{unless we put associativity prop at end} |
0 | 826 |
|
827 |
\medskip |
|
828 |
||
829 |
Let $f: P \times X \to X$ be a family of diffeomorphisms and $S \sub X$. |
|
830 |
We say that {\it $f$ is supported on $S$} if $f(p, x) = f(q, x)$ for all |
|
42
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|
831 |
$x \notin S$ and $p, q \in P$. Equivalently, $f$ is supported on $S$ if there is a family of diffeomorphisms $f' : P \times S \to S$ and a `background' |
40
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|
832 |
diffeomorphism $f_0 : X \to X$ so that |
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|
833 |
\begin{align} |
42
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|
834 |
f(p,s) & = f_0(f'(p,s)) \;\;\;\; \mbox{for}\; (p, s) \in P\times S \\ |
40
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|
835 |
\intertext{and} |
42
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|
836 |
f(p,x) & = f_0(x) \;\;\;\; \mbox{for}\; (p, x) \in {P \times (X \setmin S)}. |
40
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|
837 |
\end{align} |
0 | 838 |
Note that if $f$ is supported on $S$ then it is also supported on any $R \sup S$. |
839 |
||
840 |
Let $\cU = \{U_\alpha\}$ be an open cover of $X$. |
|
841 |
A $k$-parameter family of diffeomorphisms $f: P \times X \to X$ is |
|
842 |
{\it adapted to $\cU$} if there is a factorization |
|
843 |
\eq{ |
|
8 | 844 |
P = P_1 \times \cdots \times P_m |
0 | 845 |
} |
846 |
(for some $m \le k$) |
|
847 |
and families of diffeomorphisms |
|
848 |
\eq{ |
|
8 | 849 |
f_i : P_i \times X \to X |
0 | 850 |
} |
8 | 851 |
such that |
0 | 852 |
\begin{itemize} |
42
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|
853 |
\item each $f_i$ is supported on some connected $V_i \sub X$; |
40
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|
854 |
\item the sets $V_i$ are mutually disjoint; |
8 | 855 |
\item each $V_i$ is the union of at most $k_i$ of the $U_\alpha$'s, |
0 | 856 |
where $k_i = \dim(P_i)$; and |
42
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|
857 |
\item $f(p, \cdot) = g \circ f_1(p_1, \cdot) \circ \cdots \circ f_m(p_m, \cdot)$ |
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|
858 |
for all $p = (p_1, \ldots, p_m)$, for some fixed $g \in \Diff(X)$. |
0 | 859 |
\end{itemize} |
7
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|
860 |
A chain $x \in C_k(\Diff(X))$ is (by definition) adapted to $\cU$ if it is the sum |
0 | 861 |
of singular cells, each of which is adapted to $\cU$. |
862 |
||
863 |
\begin{lemma} \label{extension_lemma} |
|
864 |
Let $x \in CD_k(X)$ be a singular chain such that $\bd x$ is adapted to $\cU$. |
|
865 |
Then $x$ is homotopic (rel boundary) to some $x' \in CD_k(X)$ which is adapted to $\cU$. |
|
18
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|
866 |
Furthermore, one can choose the homotopy so that its support is equal to the support of $x$. |
0 | 867 |
\end{lemma} |
868 |
||
22
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|
869 |
The proof will be given in Section \ref{sec:localising}. |
0 | 870 |
|
871 |
\medskip |
|
872 |
||
16
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|
873 |
The strategy for the proof of Proposition \ref{CDprop} is as follows. |
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|
874 |
We will identify a subcomplex |
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|
875 |
\[ |
19 | 876 |
G_* \sub CD_*(X) \otimes \bc_*(X) |
16
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|
877 |
\] |
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|
878 |
on which the evaluation map is uniquely determined (up to homotopy) by the conditions |
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|
879 |
in \ref{CDprop}. |
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|
880 |
We then show that the inclusion of $G_*$ into the full complex |
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|
881 |
is an equivalence in the appropriate sense. |
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|
882 |
\nn{need to be more specific here} |
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|
883 |
|
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|
884 |
Let $p$ be a singular cell in $CD_*(X)$ and $b$ be a blob diagram in $\bc_*(X)$. |
19 | 885 |
Roughly speaking, $p\otimes b$ is in $G_*$ if each component $V$ of the support of $p$ |
16
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|
886 |
intersects at most one blob $B$ of $b$. |
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|
887 |
Since $V \cup B$ might not itself be a ball, we need a more careful and complicated definition. |
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|
888 |
Choose a metric for $X$. |
19 | 889 |
We define $p\otimes b$ to be in $G_*$ if there exist $\epsilon > 0$ such that |
890 |
$\supp(p) \cup N_\epsilon(b)$ is a union of balls, where $N_\epsilon(b)$ denotes the epsilon |
|
16
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|
891 |
neighborhood of the support of $b$. |
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|
892 |
\nn{maybe also require that $N_\delta(b)$ is a union of balls for all $\delta<\epsilon$.} |
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|
893 |
|
42
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|
894 |
\nn{need to worry about case where the intrinsic support of $p$ is not a union of balls. |
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|
895 |
probably we can just stipulate that it is (i.e. only consider families of diffeos with this property). |
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|
896 |
maybe we should build into the definition of ``adapted" that support takes up all of $U_i$.} |
16
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|
897 |
|
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|
898 |
\nn{need to eventually show independence of choice of metric. maybe there's a better way than |
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|
899 |
choosing a metric. perhaps just choose a nbd of each ball, but I think I see problems |
17
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|
900 |
with that as well. |
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|
901 |
the bottom line is that we need a scheme for choosing unions of balls |
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|
902 |
which satisfies the $C$, $C'$, $C''$ claim made a few paragraphs below.} |
16
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|
903 |
|
17
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|
904 |
Next we define the evaluation map $e_X$ on $G_*$. |
16
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|
905 |
We'll proceed inductively on $G_i$. |
17
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|
906 |
The induction starts on $G_0$, where the evaluation map is determined |
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|
907 |
by the action of $\Diff(X)$ on $\bc_*(X)$ |
16
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|
908 |
because $G_0 \sub CD_0\otimes \bc_0$. |
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|
909 |
Assume we have defined the evaluation map up to $G_{k-1}$ and |
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|
910 |
let $p\otimes b$ be a generator of $G_k$. |
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|
911 |
Let $C \sub X$ be a union of balls (as described above) containing $\supp(p)\cup\supp(b)$. |
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|
912 |
There is a factorization $p = g \circ p'$, where $g\in \Diff(X)$ and $p'$ is a family of diffeomorphisms which is the identity outside of $C$. |
17
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|
913 |
Let $b = b'\bullet b''$, where $b' \in \bc_*(C)$ and $b'' \in \bc_0(X\setmin C)$. |
42
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|
914 |
We may assume inductively |
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|
915 |
(cf the end of this paragraph) |
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|
916 |
that $e_X(\bd(p\otimes b))$ has a similar factorization $x\bullet g(b'')$, where |
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|
917 |
$x \in \bc_*(g(C))$ and $\bd x = 0$. |
17
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|
918 |
Since $\bc_*(g(C))$ is contractible, there exists $y \in \bc_*(g(C))$ such that $\bd y = x$. |
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|
919 |
Define $e_X(p\otimes b) = y\bullet g(b'')$. |
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|
920 |
|
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|
921 |
We now show that $e_X$ on $G_*$ is, up to homotopy, independent of the various choices made. |
19 | 922 |
If we make a different series of choice of the chain $y$ in the previous paragraph, |
17
c73e8beb4a20
continuing work of evaluation map proof
kevin@6e1638ff-ae45-0410-89bd-df963105f760
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
923 |
we can inductively construct a homotopy between the two sets of choices, |
c73e8beb4a20
continuing work of evaluation map proof
kevin@6e1638ff-ae45-0410-89bd-df963105f760
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
924 |
again relying on the contractibility of $\bc_*(g(G))$. |
c73e8beb4a20
continuing work of evaluation map proof
kevin@6e1638ff-ae45-0410-89bd-df963105f760
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
925 |
A similar argument shows that this homotopy is unique up to second order homotopy, and so on. |
c73e8beb4a20
continuing work of evaluation map proof
kevin@6e1638ff-ae45-0410-89bd-df963105f760
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
926 |
|
c73e8beb4a20
continuing work of evaluation map proof
kevin@6e1638ff-ae45-0410-89bd-df963105f760
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
927 |
Given a different set of choices $\{C'\}$ of the unions of balls $\{C\}$, |
c73e8beb4a20
continuing work of evaluation map proof
kevin@6e1638ff-ae45-0410-89bd-df963105f760
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
928 |
we can find a third set of choices $\{C''\}$ such that $C, C' \sub C''$. |
c73e8beb4a20
continuing work of evaluation map proof
kevin@6e1638ff-ae45-0410-89bd-df963105f760
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
929 |
The argument now proceeds as in the previous paragraph. |
c73e8beb4a20
continuing work of evaluation map proof
kevin@6e1638ff-ae45-0410-89bd-df963105f760
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
930 |
\nn{should maybe say more here; also need to back up claim about third set of choices} |
42
9744833c9b90
some improvements to c-star-diff section; probably a few more changes will follow soon
kevin@6e1638ff-ae45-0410-89bd-df963105f760
parents:
41
diff
changeset
|
931 |
\nn{this definitely needs reworking} |
17
c73e8beb4a20
continuing work of evaluation map proof
kevin@6e1638ff-ae45-0410-89bd-df963105f760
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
932 |
|
c73e8beb4a20
continuing work of evaluation map proof
kevin@6e1638ff-ae45-0410-89bd-df963105f760
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
933 |
Next we show that given $x \in CD_*(X) \otimes \bc_*(X)$ with $\bd x \in G_*$, there exists |
c73e8beb4a20
continuing work of evaluation map proof
kevin@6e1638ff-ae45-0410-89bd-df963105f760
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
934 |
a homotopy (rel $\bd x$) to $x' \in G_*$, and further that $x'$ and |
c73e8beb4a20
continuing work of evaluation map proof
kevin@6e1638ff-ae45-0410-89bd-df963105f760
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
935 |
this homotopy are unique up to iterated homotopy. |
16
9ae2fd41b903
begin reworking/completion of evaluation map stuff
kevin@6e1638ff-ae45-0410-89bd-df963105f760
parents:
15
diff
changeset
|
936 |
|
19 | 937 |
Given $k>0$ and a blob diagram $b$, we say that a cover $\cU$ of $X$ is $k$-compatible with |
938 |
$b$ if, for any $\{U_1, \ldots, U_k\} \sub \cU$, the union |
|
18
aac9fd8d6bc6
finished with evaluation map stuff for now.
kevin@6e1638ff-ae45-0410-89bd-df963105f760
parents:
17
diff
changeset
|
939 |
$U_1\cup\cdots\cup U_k$ is a union of balls which satisfies the condition used to define $G_*$ above. |
42
9744833c9b90
some improvements to c-star-diff section; probably a few more changes will follow soon
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parents:
41
diff
changeset
|
940 |
It follows from Lemma \ref{extension_lemma} |
9744833c9b90
some improvements to c-star-diff section; probably a few more changes will follow soon
kevin@6e1638ff-ae45-0410-89bd-df963105f760
parents:
41
diff
changeset
|
941 |
that if $\cU$ is $k$-compatible with $b$ and |
9744833c9b90
some improvements to c-star-diff section; probably a few more changes will follow soon
kevin@6e1638ff-ae45-0410-89bd-df963105f760
parents:
41
diff
changeset
|
942 |
$p$ is a $k$-parameter family of diffeomorphisms which is adapted to $\cU$, then |
9744833c9b90
some improvements to c-star-diff section; probably a few more changes will follow soon
kevin@6e1638ff-ae45-0410-89bd-df963105f760
parents:
41
diff
changeset
|
943 |
$p\otimes b \in G_*$. |
18
aac9fd8d6bc6
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kevin@6e1638ff-ae45-0410-89bd-df963105f760
parents:
17
diff
changeset
|
944 |
\nn{maybe emphasize this more; it's one of the main ideas in the proof} |
16
9ae2fd41b903
begin reworking/completion of evaluation map stuff
kevin@6e1638ff-ae45-0410-89bd-df963105f760
parents:
15
diff
changeset
|
945 |
|
18
aac9fd8d6bc6
finished with evaluation map stuff for now.
kevin@6e1638ff-ae45-0410-89bd-df963105f760
parents:
17
diff
changeset
|
946 |
Let $k$ be the degree of $x$ and choose a cover $\cU$ of $X$ such that $\cU$ is |
aac9fd8d6bc6
finished with evaluation map stuff for now.
kevin@6e1638ff-ae45-0410-89bd-df963105f760
parents:
17
diff
changeset
|
947 |
$k$-compatible with each of the (finitely many) blob diagrams occurring in $x$. |
19 | 948 |
We will use Lemma \ref{extension_lemma} with respect to the cover $\cU$ to |
18
aac9fd8d6bc6
finished with evaluation map stuff for now.
kevin@6e1638ff-ae45-0410-89bd-df963105f760
parents:
17
diff
changeset
|
949 |
construct the homotopy to $G_*$. |
aac9fd8d6bc6
finished with evaluation map stuff for now.
kevin@6e1638ff-ae45-0410-89bd-df963105f760
parents:
17
diff
changeset
|
950 |
First we will construct a homotopy $h \in G_*$ from $\bd x$ to a cycle $z$ such that |
aac9fd8d6bc6
finished with evaluation map stuff for now.
kevin@6e1638ff-ae45-0410-89bd-df963105f760
parents:
17
diff
changeset
|
951 |
each family of diffeomorphisms $p$ occurring in $z$ is adapted to $\cU$. |
aac9fd8d6bc6
finished with evaluation map stuff for now.
kevin@6e1638ff-ae45-0410-89bd-df963105f760
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17
diff
changeset
|
952 |
Then we will construct a homotopy (rel boundary) $r$ from $x + h$ to $y$ such that |
aac9fd8d6bc6
finished with evaluation map stuff for now.
kevin@6e1638ff-ae45-0410-89bd-df963105f760
parents:
17
diff
changeset
|
953 |
each family of diffeomorphisms $p$ occurring in $y$ is adapted to $\cU$. |
aac9fd8d6bc6
finished with evaluation map stuff for now.
kevin@6e1638ff-ae45-0410-89bd-df963105f760
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17
diff
changeset
|
954 |
This implies that $y \in G_*$. |
19 | 955 |
The homotopy $r$ can also be thought of as a homotopy from $x$ to $y-h \in G_*$, and this is the homotopy we seek. |
16
9ae2fd41b903
begin reworking/completion of evaluation map stuff
kevin@6e1638ff-ae45-0410-89bd-df963105f760
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15
diff
changeset
|
956 |
|
19 | 957 |
We will define $h$ inductively on bidegrees $(0, k-1), (1, k-2), \ldots, (k-1, 0)$. |
18
aac9fd8d6bc6
finished with evaluation map stuff for now.
kevin@6e1638ff-ae45-0410-89bd-df963105f760
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17
diff
changeset
|
958 |
Define $h$ to be zero on bidegree $(0, k-1)$. |
aac9fd8d6bc6
finished with evaluation map stuff for now.
kevin@6e1638ff-ae45-0410-89bd-df963105f760
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17
diff
changeset
|
959 |
Let $p\otimes b$ be a generator occurring in $\bd x$ with bidegree $(1, k-2)$. |
44
1b9b2aab1f35
done (for now) revising proof of eval map stuff.
kevin@6e1638ff-ae45-0410-89bd-df963105f760
parents:
42
diff
changeset
|
960 |
Using Lemma \ref{extension_lemma}, construct a homotopy (rel $\bd$) $q$ from $p$ to $p'$ which is adapted to $\cU$. |
18
aac9fd8d6bc6
finished with evaluation map stuff for now.
kevin@6e1638ff-ae45-0410-89bd-df963105f760
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17
diff
changeset
|
961 |
Define $h$ at $p\otimes b$ to be $q\otimes b$. |
aac9fd8d6bc6
finished with evaluation map stuff for now.
kevin@6e1638ff-ae45-0410-89bd-df963105f760
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17
diff
changeset
|
962 |
Let $p'\otimes b'$ be a generator occurring in $\bd x$ with bidegree $(2, k-3)$. |
44
1b9b2aab1f35
done (for now) revising proof of eval map stuff.
kevin@6e1638ff-ae45-0410-89bd-df963105f760
parents:
42
diff
changeset
|
963 |
Let $s$ denote the sum of the $q$'s from the previous step for generators |
1b9b2aab1f35
done (for now) revising proof of eval map stuff.
kevin@6e1638ff-ae45-0410-89bd-df963105f760
parents:
42
diff
changeset
|
964 |
adjacent to $(\bd p')\otimes b'$. |
1b9b2aab1f35
done (for now) revising proof of eval map stuff.
kevin@6e1638ff-ae45-0410-89bd-df963105f760
parents:
42
diff
changeset
|
965 |
\nn{need to say more here} |
1b9b2aab1f35
done (for now) revising proof of eval map stuff.
kevin@6e1638ff-ae45-0410-89bd-df963105f760
parents:
42
diff
changeset
|
966 |
Apply Lemma \ref{extension_lemma} to $p'+s$ |
18
aac9fd8d6bc6
finished with evaluation map stuff for now.
kevin@6e1638ff-ae45-0410-89bd-df963105f760
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17
diff
changeset
|
967 |
yielding a family of diffeos $q'$. |
aac9fd8d6bc6
finished with evaluation map stuff for now.
kevin@6e1638ff-ae45-0410-89bd-df963105f760
parents:
17
diff
changeset
|
968 |
Define $h$ at $p'\otimes b'$ to be $q'\otimes b'$. |
aac9fd8d6bc6
finished with evaluation map stuff for now.
kevin@6e1638ff-ae45-0410-89bd-df963105f760
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17
diff
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|
969 |
Continuing in this way, we define all of $h$. |
0 | 970 |
|
18
aac9fd8d6bc6
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kevin@6e1638ff-ae45-0410-89bd-df963105f760
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17
diff
changeset
|
971 |
The homotopy $r$ is constructed similarly. |
aac9fd8d6bc6
finished with evaluation map stuff for now.
kevin@6e1638ff-ae45-0410-89bd-df963105f760
parents:
17
diff
changeset
|
972 |
|
19 | 973 |
\nn{need to say something about uniqueness of $r$, $h$ etc. |
18
aac9fd8d6bc6
finished with evaluation map stuff for now.
kevin@6e1638ff-ae45-0410-89bd-df963105f760
parents:
17
diff
changeset
|
974 |
postpone this until second draft.} |
0 | 975 |
|
18
aac9fd8d6bc6
finished with evaluation map stuff for now.
kevin@6e1638ff-ae45-0410-89bd-df963105f760
parents:
17
diff
changeset
|
976 |
At this point, we have finished defining the evaluation map. |
aac9fd8d6bc6
finished with evaluation map stuff for now.
kevin@6e1638ff-ae45-0410-89bd-df963105f760
parents:
17
diff
changeset
|
977 |
The uniqueness statement in the proposition is clear from the method of proof. |
aac9fd8d6bc6
finished with evaluation map stuff for now.
kevin@6e1638ff-ae45-0410-89bd-df963105f760
parents:
17
diff
changeset
|
978 |
All that remains is to show that the evaluation map gets along well with cutting and gluing, |
aac9fd8d6bc6
finished with evaluation map stuff for now.
kevin@6e1638ff-ae45-0410-89bd-df963105f760
parents:
17
diff
changeset
|
979 |
as claimed in the proposition. |
aac9fd8d6bc6
finished with evaluation map stuff for now.
kevin@6e1638ff-ae45-0410-89bd-df963105f760
parents:
17
diff
changeset
|
980 |
This is in fact not difficult, since the myriad choices involved in defining the |
aac9fd8d6bc6
finished with evaluation map stuff for now.
kevin@6e1638ff-ae45-0410-89bd-df963105f760
parents:
17
diff
changeset
|
981 |
evaluation map can be made in parallel for the top and bottom |
aac9fd8d6bc6
finished with evaluation map stuff for now.
kevin@6e1638ff-ae45-0410-89bd-df963105f760
parents:
17
diff
changeset
|
982 |
arrows in the commutative diagram. |
aac9fd8d6bc6
finished with evaluation map stuff for now.
kevin@6e1638ff-ae45-0410-89bd-df963105f760
parents:
17
diff
changeset
|
983 |
|
aac9fd8d6bc6
finished with evaluation map stuff for now.
kevin@6e1638ff-ae45-0410-89bd-df963105f760
parents:
17
diff
changeset
|
984 |
This completes the proof of Proposition \ref{CDprop}. |
0 | 985 |
|
7
4ef2f77a4652
small to medium sized changes
kevin@6e1638ff-ae45-0410-89bd-df963105f760
parents:
5
diff
changeset
|
986 |
\medskip |
0 | 987 |
|
18
aac9fd8d6bc6
finished with evaluation map stuff for now.
kevin@6e1638ff-ae45-0410-89bd-df963105f760
parents:
17
diff
changeset
|
988 |
\nn{say something about associativity here} |
aac9fd8d6bc6
finished with evaluation map stuff for now.
kevin@6e1638ff-ae45-0410-89bd-df963105f760
parents:
17
diff
changeset
|
989 |
|
55 | 990 |
\input{text/A-infty.tex} |
34 | 991 |
|
55 | 992 |
\input{text/gluing.tex} |
51
195a0a91e062
continuing to write up commutative algebra stuff
kevin@6e1638ff-ae45-0410-89bd-df963105f760
parents:
50
diff
changeset
|
993 |
|
195a0a91e062
continuing to write up commutative algebra stuff
kevin@6e1638ff-ae45-0410-89bd-df963105f760
parents:
50
diff
changeset
|
994 |
|
195a0a91e062
continuing to write up commutative algebra stuff
kevin@6e1638ff-ae45-0410-89bd-df963105f760
parents:
50
diff
changeset
|
995 |
|
47
939a4a5b1d80
increased line width; start to write commutative algebra results
kevin@6e1638ff-ae45-0410-89bd-df963105f760
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45
diff
changeset
|
996 |
\section{Commutative algebras as $n$-categories} |
939a4a5b1d80
increased line width; start to write commutative algebra results
kevin@6e1638ff-ae45-0410-89bd-df963105f760
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45
diff
changeset
|
997 |
|
939a4a5b1d80
increased line width; start to write commutative algebra results
kevin@6e1638ff-ae45-0410-89bd-df963105f760
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45
diff
changeset
|
998 |
\nn{this should probably not be a section by itself. i'm just trying to write down the outline |
939a4a5b1d80
increased line width; start to write commutative algebra results
kevin@6e1638ff-ae45-0410-89bd-df963105f760
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45
diff
changeset
|
999 |
while it's still fresh in my mind.} |
939a4a5b1d80
increased line width; start to write commutative algebra results
kevin@6e1638ff-ae45-0410-89bd-df963105f760
parents:
45
diff
changeset
|
1000 |
|
939a4a5b1d80
increased line width; start to write commutative algebra results
kevin@6e1638ff-ae45-0410-89bd-df963105f760
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45
diff
changeset
|
1001 |
If $C$ is a commutative algebra it |
48
b7ade62bea27
more commutative algebra stuff
kevin@6e1638ff-ae45-0410-89bd-df963105f760
parents:
47
diff
changeset
|
1002 |
can (and will) also be thought of as an $n$-category whose $j$-morphisms are trivial for |
b7ade62bea27
more commutative algebra stuff
kevin@6e1638ff-ae45-0410-89bd-df963105f760
parents:
47
diff
changeset
|
1003 |
$j<n$ and whose $n$-morphisms are $C$. |
47
939a4a5b1d80
increased line width; start to write commutative algebra results
kevin@6e1638ff-ae45-0410-89bd-df963105f760
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45
diff
changeset
|
1004 |
The goal of this \nn{subsection?} is to compute |
939a4a5b1d80
increased line width; start to write commutative algebra results
kevin@6e1638ff-ae45-0410-89bd-df963105f760
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45
diff
changeset
|
1005 |
$\bc_*(M^n, C)$ for various commutative algebras $C$. |
939a4a5b1d80
increased line width; start to write commutative algebra results
kevin@6e1638ff-ae45-0410-89bd-df963105f760
parents:
45
diff
changeset
|
1006 |
|
939a4a5b1d80
increased line width; start to write commutative algebra results
kevin@6e1638ff-ae45-0410-89bd-df963105f760
parents:
45
diff
changeset
|
1007 |
Let $k[t]$ denote the ring of polynomials in $t$ with coefficients in $k$. |
939a4a5b1d80
increased line width; start to write commutative algebra results
kevin@6e1638ff-ae45-0410-89bd-df963105f760
parents:
45
diff
changeset
|
1008 |
|
939a4a5b1d80
increased line width; start to write commutative algebra results
kevin@6e1638ff-ae45-0410-89bd-df963105f760
parents:
45
diff
changeset
|
1009 |
Let $\Sigma^i(M)$ denote the $i$-th symmetric power of $M$, the configuration space of $i$ |
939a4a5b1d80
increased line width; start to write commutative algebra results
kevin@6e1638ff-ae45-0410-89bd-df963105f760
parents:
45
diff
changeset
|
1010 |
unlabeled points in $M$. |
48
b7ade62bea27
more commutative algebra stuff
kevin@6e1638ff-ae45-0410-89bd-df963105f760
parents:
47
diff
changeset
|
1011 |
Note that $\Sigma^0(M)$ is a point. |
47
939a4a5b1d80
increased line width; start to write commutative algebra results
kevin@6e1638ff-ae45-0410-89bd-df963105f760
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45
diff
changeset
|
1012 |
Let $\Sigma^\infty(M) = \coprod_{i=0}^\infty \Sigma^i(M)$. |
939a4a5b1d80
increased line width; start to write commutative algebra results
kevin@6e1638ff-ae45-0410-89bd-df963105f760
parents:
45
diff
changeset
|
1013 |
|
49 | 1014 |
Let $C_*(X, k)$ denote the singular chain complex of the space $X$ with coefficients in $k$. |
47
939a4a5b1d80
increased line width; start to write commutative algebra results
kevin@6e1638ff-ae45-0410-89bd-df963105f760
parents:
45
diff
changeset
|
1015 |
|
51
195a0a91e062
continuing to write up commutative algebra stuff
kevin@6e1638ff-ae45-0410-89bd-df963105f760
parents:
50
diff
changeset
|
1016 |
\begin{prop} \label{sympowerprop} |
52 | 1017 |
$\bc_*(M, k[t])$ is homotopy equivalent to $C_*(\Sigma^\infty(M), k)$. |
47
939a4a5b1d80
increased line width; start to write commutative algebra results
kevin@6e1638ff-ae45-0410-89bd-df963105f760
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45
diff
changeset
|
1018 |
\end{prop} |
939a4a5b1d80
increased line width; start to write commutative algebra results
kevin@6e1638ff-ae45-0410-89bd-df963105f760
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45
diff
changeset
|
1019 |
|
939a4a5b1d80
increased line width; start to write commutative algebra results
kevin@6e1638ff-ae45-0410-89bd-df963105f760
parents:
45
diff
changeset
|
1020 |
\begin{proof} |
939a4a5b1d80
increased line width; start to write commutative algebra results
kevin@6e1638ff-ae45-0410-89bd-df963105f760
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45
diff
changeset
|
1021 |
To define the chain maps between the two complexes we will use the following lemma: |
939a4a5b1d80
increased line width; start to write commutative algebra results
kevin@6e1638ff-ae45-0410-89bd-df963105f760
parents:
45
diff
changeset
|
1022 |
|
939a4a5b1d80
increased line width; start to write commutative algebra results
kevin@6e1638ff-ae45-0410-89bd-df963105f760
parents:
45
diff
changeset
|
1023 |
\begin{lemma} |
939a4a5b1d80
increased line width; start to write commutative algebra results
kevin@6e1638ff-ae45-0410-89bd-df963105f760
parents:
45
diff
changeset
|
1024 |
Let $A_*$ and $B_*$ be chain complexes, and assume $A_*$ is equipped with |
939a4a5b1d80
increased line width; start to write commutative algebra results
kevin@6e1638ff-ae45-0410-89bd-df963105f760
parents:
45
diff
changeset
|
1025 |
a basis (e.g.\ blob diagrams or singular simplices). |
939a4a5b1d80
increased line width; start to write commutative algebra results
kevin@6e1638ff-ae45-0410-89bd-df963105f760
parents:
45
diff
changeset
|
1026 |
For each basis element $c \in A_*$ assume given a contractible subcomplex $R(c)_* \sub B_*$ |
48
b7ade62bea27
more commutative algebra stuff
kevin@6e1638ff-ae45-0410-89bd-df963105f760
parents:
47
diff
changeset
|
1027 |
such that $R(c')_* \sub R(c)_*$ whenever $c'$ is a basis element which is part of $\bd c$. |
47
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|
1028 |
Then the complex of chain maps (and (iterated) homotopies) $f:A_*\to B_*$ such that |
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|
1029 |
$f(c) \in R(c)_*$ for all $c$ is contractible (and in particular non-empty). |
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|
1030 |
\end{lemma} |
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|
1031 |
|
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|
1032 |
\begin{proof} |
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|
1033 |
\nn{easy, but should probably write the details eventually} |
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|
1034 |
\end{proof} |
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|
1035 |
|
48
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|
1036 |
Our first task: For each blob diagram $b$ define a subcomplex $R(b)_* \sub C_*(\Sigma^\infty(M))$ |
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|
1037 |
satisfying the conditions of the above lemma. |
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|
1038 |
If $b$ is a 0-blob diagram, then it is just a $k[t]$ field on $M$, which is a |
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|
1039 |
finite unordered collection of points of $M$ with multiplicities, which is |
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|
1040 |
a point in $\Sigma^\infty(M)$. |
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|
1041 |
Define $R(b)_*$ to be the singular chain complex of this point. |
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|
1042 |
If $(B, u, r)$ is an $i$-blob diagram, let $D\sub M$ be its support (the union of the blobs). |
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|
1043 |
The path components of $\Sigma^\infty(D)$ are contractible, and these components are indexed |
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|
1044 |
by the numbers of points in each component of $D$. |
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|
1045 |
We may assume that the blob labels $u$ have homogeneous $t$ degree in $k[t]$, and so |
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|
1046 |
$u$ picks out a component $X \sub \Sigma^\infty(D)$. |
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|
1047 |
The field $r$ on $M\setminus D$ can be thought of as a point in $\Sigma^\infty(M\setminus D)$, |
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|
1048 |
and using this point we can embed $X$ in $\Sigma^\infty(M)$. |
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|
1049 |
Define $R(B, u, r)_*$ to be the singular chain complex of $X$, thought of as a |
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|
1050 |
subspace of $\Sigma^\infty(M)$. |
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|
1051 |
It is easy to see that $R(\cdot)_*$ satisfies the condition on boundaries from the above lemma. |
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|
1052 |
Thus we have defined (up to homotopy) a map from |
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|
1053 |
$\bc_*(M^n, k[t])$ to $C_*(\Sigma^\infty(M))$. |
47
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|
1054 |
|
48
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|
1055 |
Next we define, for each simplex $c$ of $C_*(\Sigma^\infty(M))$, a contractible subspace |
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|
1056 |
$R(c)_* \sub \bc_*(M^n, k[t])$. |
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|
1057 |
If $c$ is a 0-simplex we use the identification of the fields $\cC(M)$ and |
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|
1058 |
$\Sigma^\infty(M)$ described above. |
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|
1059 |
Now let $c$ be an $i$-simplex of $\Sigma^j(M)$. |
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|
1060 |
Choose a metric on $M$, which induces a metric on $\Sigma^j(M)$. |
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|
1061 |
We may assume that the diameter of $c$ is small --- that is, $C_*(\Sigma^j(M))$ |
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|
1062 |
is homotopy equivalent to the subcomplex of small simplices. |
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|
1063 |
How small? $(2r)/3j$, where $r$ is the radius of injectivity of the metric. |
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|
1064 |
Let $T\sub M$ be the ``track" of $c$ in $M$. |
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|
1065 |
\nn{do we need to define this precisely?} |
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|
1066 |
Choose a neighborhood $D$ of $T$ which is a disjoint union of balls of small diameter. |
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|
1067 |
\nn{need to say more precisely how small} |
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|
1068 |
Define $R(c)_*$ to be $\bc_*(D, k[t]) \sub \bc_*(M^n, k[t])$. |
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|
1069 |
This is contractible by \ref{bcontract}. |
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|
1070 |
We can arrange that the boundary/inclusion condition is satisfied if we start with |
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|
1071 |
low-dimensional simplices and work our way up. |
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|
1072 |
\nn{need to be more precise} |
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|
1073 |
|
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|
1074 |
\nn{still to do: show indep of choice of metric; show compositions are homotopic to the identity |
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|
1075 |
(for this, might need a lemma that says we can assume that blob diameters are small)} |
47
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|
1076 |
\end{proof} |
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|
1077 |
|
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|
1078 |
|
50 | 1079 |
\begin{prop} \label{ktcdprop} |
49 | 1080 |
The above maps are compatible with the evaluation map actions of $C_*(\Diff(M))$. |
1081 |
\end{prop} |
|
1082 |
||
1083 |
\begin{proof} |
|
1084 |
The actions agree in degree 0, and both are compatible with gluing. |
|
1085 |
(cf. uniqueness statement in \ref{CDprop}.) |
|
1086 |
\end{proof} |
|
1087 |
||
1088 |
\medskip |
|
1089 |
||
1090 |
In view of \ref{hochthm}, we have proved that $HH_*(k[t]) \cong C_*(\Sigma^\infty(S^1), k)$, |
|
1091 |
and that the cyclic homology of $k[t]$ is related to the action of rotations |
|
1092 |
on $C_*(\Sigma^\infty(S^1), k)$. |
|
1093 |
\nn{probably should put a more precise statement about cyclic homology and $S^1$ actions in the Hochschild section} |
|
1094 |
Let us check this directly. |
|
1095 |
||
50 | 1096 |
According to \nn{Loday, 3.2.2}, $HH_i(k[t]) \cong k[t]$ for $i=0,1$ and is zero for $i\ge 2$. |
1097 |
\nn{say something about $t$-degree? is this in [Loday]?} |
|
1098 |
||
49 | 1099 |
We can define a flow on $\Sigma^j(S^1)$ by having the points repel each other. |
1100 |
The fixed points of this flow are the equally spaced configurations. |
|
50 | 1101 |
This defines a map from $\Sigma^j(S^1)$ to $S^1/j$ ($S^1$ modulo a $2\pi/j$ rotation). |
49 | 1102 |
The fiber of this map is $\Delta^{j-1}$, the $(j-1)$-simplex, |
1103 |
and the holonomy of the $\Delta^{j-1}$ bundle |
|
50 | 1104 |
over $S^1/j$ is induced by the cyclic permutation of its $j$ vertices. |
1105 |
||
1106 |
In particular, $\Sigma^j(S^1)$ is homotopy equivalent to a circle for $j>0$, and |
|
1107 |
of course $\Sigma^0(S^1)$ is a point. |
|
1108 |
Thus the singular homology $H_i(\Sigma^\infty(S^1))$ has infinitely many generators for $i=0,1$ |
|
1109 |
and is zero for $i\ge 2$. |
|
1110 |
\nn{say something about $t$-degrees also matching up?} |
|
1111 |
||
1112 |
By xxxx and \ref{ktcdprop}, |
|
1113 |
the cyclic homology of $k[t]$ is the $S^1$-equivariant homology of $\Sigma^\infty(S^1)$. |
|
1114 |
Up to homotopy, $S^1$ acts by $j$-fold rotation on $\Sigma^j(S^1) \simeq S^1/j$. |
|
51
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|
1115 |
If $k = \z$, $\Sigma^j(S^1)$ contributes the homology of an infinite lens space: $\z$ in degree |
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|
1116 |
0, $\z/j \z$ in odd degrees, and 0 in positive even degrees. |
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|
1117 |
The point $\Sigma^0(S^1)$ contributes the homology of $BS^1$ which is $\z$ in even |
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|
1118 |
degrees and 0 in odd degrees. |
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|
1119 |
This agrees with the calculation in \nn{Loday, 3.1.7}. |
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|
1120 |
|
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|
1121 |
\medskip |
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|
1122 |
|
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|
1123 |
Next we consider the case $C = k[t_1, \ldots, t_m]$, commutative polynomials in $m$ variables. |
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|
1124 |
Let $\Sigma_m^\infty(M)$ be the $m$-colored infinite symmetric power of $M$, that is, configurations |
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|
1125 |
of points on $M$ which can have any of $m$ distinct colors but are otherwise indistinguishable. |
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|
1126 |
The components of $\Sigma_m^\infty(M)$ are indexed by $m$-tuples of natural numbers |
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|
1127 |
corresponding to the number of points of each color of a configuration. |
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|
1128 |
A proof similar to that of \ref{sympowerprop} shows that |
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|
1129 |
|
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|
1130 |
\begin{prop} |
52 | 1131 |
$\bc_*(M, k[t_1, \ldots, t_m])$ is homotopy equivalent to $C_*(\Sigma_m^\infty(M), k)$. |
51
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|
1132 |
\end{prop} |
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|
1133 |
|
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|
1134 |
According to \nn{Loday, 3.2.2}, |
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|
1135 |
\[ |
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|
1136 |
HH_n(k[t_1, \ldots, t_m]) \cong \Lambda^n(k^m) \otimes k[t_1, \ldots, t_m] . |
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|
1137 |
\] |
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|
1138 |
Let us check that this is also the singular homology of $\Sigma_m^\infty(S^1)$. |
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|
1139 |
We will content ourselves with the case $k = \z$. |
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|
1140 |
One can define a flow on $\Sigma_m^\infty(S^1)$ where points of the same color repel each other and points of different colors do not interact. |
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|
1141 |
This shows that a component $X$ of $\Sigma_m^\infty(S^1)$ is homotopy equivalent |
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|
1142 |
to the torus $(S^1)^l$, where $l$ is the number of non-zero entries in the $m$-tuple |
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|
1143 |
corresponding to $X$. |
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|
1144 |
The homology calculation we desire follows easily from this. |
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|
1145 |
|
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|
1146 |
\nn{say something about cyclic homology in this case? probably not necessary.} |
49 | 1147 |
|
52 | 1148 |
\medskip |
49 | 1149 |
|
52 | 1150 |
Next we consider the case $C = k[t]/t^l$ --- polynomials in $t$ with $t^l = 0$. |
1151 |
Define $\Delta_l \sub \Sigma^\infty(M)$ to be those configurations of points with $l$ or |
|
1152 |
more points coinciding. |
|
49 | 1153 |
|
52 | 1154 |
\begin{prop} |
1155 |
$\bc_*(M, k[t]/t^l)$ is homotopy equivalent to $C_*(\Sigma^\infty(M), \Delta_l, k)$ |
|
1156 |
(relative singular chains with coefficients in $k$). |
|
1157 |
\end{prop} |
|
49 | 1158 |
|
52 | 1159 |
\begin{proof} |
1160 |
\nn{...} |
|
1161 |
\end{proof} |
|
49 | 1162 |
|
1163 |
\nn{...} |
|
1164 |
||
47
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1168 |
\appendix |
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1170 |
\section{Families of Diffeomorphisms} \label{sec:localising} |
0 | 1171 |
|
1172 |
||
1173 |
Lo, the proof of Lemma (\ref{extension_lemma}): |
|
1174 |
||
1175 |
\nn{should this be an appendix instead?} |
|
1176 |
||
1177 |
\nn{for pedagogical reasons, should do $k=1,2$ cases first; probably do this in |
|
1178 |
later draft} |
|
1179 |
||
1180 |
\nn{not sure what the best way to deal with boundary is; for now just give main argument, worry |
|
1181 |
about boundary later} |
|
1182 |
||
8 | 1183 |
Recall that we are given |
0 | 1184 |
an open cover $\cU = \{U_\alpha\}$ and an |
1185 |
$x \in CD_k(X)$ such that $\bd x$ is adapted to $\cU$. |
|
1186 |
We must find a homotopy of $x$ (rel boundary) to some $x' \in CD_k(X)$ which is adapted to $\cU$. |
|
1187 |
||
1188 |
Let $\{r_\alpha : X \to [0,1]\}$ be a partition of unity for $\cU$. |
|
1189 |
||
1190 |
As a first approximation to the argument we will eventually make, let's replace $x$ |
|
8 | 1191 |
with a single singular cell |
0 | 1192 |
\eq{ |
8 | 1193 |
f: P \times X \to X . |
0 | 1194 |
} |
1195 |
Also, we'll ignore for now issues around $\bd P$. |
|
1196 |
||
1197 |
Our homotopy will have the form |
|
1198 |
\eqar{ |
|
8 | 1199 |
F: I \times P \times X &\to& X \\ |
1200 |
(t, p, x) &\mapsto& f(u(t, p, x), x) |
|
0 | 1201 |
} |
1202 |
for some function |
|
1203 |
\eq{ |
|
8 | 1204 |
u : I \times P \times X \to P . |
0 | 1205 |
} |
1206 |
First we describe $u$, then we argue that it does what we want it to do. |
|
1207 |
||
1208 |
For each cover index $\alpha$ choose a cell decomposition $K_\alpha$ of $P$. |
|
1209 |
The various $K_\alpha$ should be in general position with respect to each other. |
|
1210 |
We will see below that the $K_\alpha$'s need to be sufficiently fine in order |
|
1211 |
to insure that $F$ above is a homotopy through diffeomorphisms of $X$ and not |
|
1212 |
merely a homotopy through maps $X\to X$. |
|
1213 |
||
1214 |
Let $L$ be the union of all the $K_\alpha$'s. |
|
1215 |
$L$ is itself a cell decomposition of $P$. |
|
1216 |
\nn{next two sentences not needed?} |
|
1217 |
To each cell $a$ of $L$ we associate the tuple $(c_\alpha)$, |
|
1218 |
where $c_\alpha$ is the codimension of the cell of $K_\alpha$ which contains $c$. |
|
1219 |
Since the $K_\alpha$'s are in general position, we have $\sum c_\alpha \le k$. |
|
1220 |
||
1221 |
Let $J$ denote the handle decomposition of $P$ corresponding to $L$. |
|
1222 |
Each $i$-handle $C$ of $J$ has an $i$-dimensional tangential coordinate and, |
|
1223 |
more importantly, a $k{-}i$-dimensional normal coordinate. |
|
1224 |
||
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|
1225 |
For each (top-dimensional) $k$-cell $c$ of each $K_\alpha$, choose a point $p_c \in c \sub P$. |
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|
1226 |
Let $D$ be a $k$-handle of $J$, and let $D$ also denote the corresponding |
0 | 1227 |
$k$-cell of $L$. |
1228 |
To $D$ we associate the tuple $(c_\alpha)$ of $k$-cells of the $K_\alpha$'s |
|
1229 |
which contain $d$, and also the corresponding tuple $(p_{c_\alpha})$ of points in $P$. |
|
1230 |
||
1231 |
For $p \in D$ we define |
|
1232 |
\eq{ |
|
8 | 1233 |
u(t, p, x) = (1-t)p + t \sum_\alpha r_\alpha(x) p_{c_\alpha} . |
0 | 1234 |
} |
1235 |
(Recall that $P$ is a single linear cell, so the weighted average of points of $P$ |
|
1236 |
makes sense.) |
|
1237 |
||
1238 |
So far we have defined $u(t, p, x)$ when $p$ lies in a $k$-handle of $J$. |
|
8 | 1239 |
For handles of $J$ of index less than $k$, we will define $u$ to |
0 | 1240 |
interpolate between the values on $k$-handles defined above. |
1241 |
||
8 | 1242 |
If $p$ lies in a $k{-}1$-handle $E$, let $\eta : E \to [0,1]$ be the normal coordinate |
0 | 1243 |
of $E$. |
1244 |
In particular, $\eta$ is equal to 0 or 1 only at the intersection of $E$ |
|
1245 |
with a $k$-handle. |
|
1246 |
Let $\beta$ be the index of the $K_\beta$ containing the $k{-}1$-cell |
|
1247 |
corresponding to $E$. |
|
1248 |
Let $q_0, q_1 \in P$ be the points associated to the two $k$-cells of $K_\beta$ |
|
1249 |
adjacent to the $k{-}1$-cell corresponding to $E$. |
|
1250 |
For $p \in E$, define |
|
1251 |
\eq{ |
|
8 | 1252 |
u(t, p, x) = (1-t)p + t \left( \sum_{\alpha \ne \beta} r_\alpha(x) p_{c_\alpha} |
1253 |
+ r_\beta(x) (\eta(p) q_1 + (1-\eta(p)) q_0) \right) . |
|
0 | 1254 |
} |
1255 |
||
1256 |
In general, for $E$ a $k{-}j$-handle, there is a normal coordinate |
|
1257 |
$\eta: E \to R$, where $R$ is some $j$-dimensional polyhedron. |
|
1258 |
The vertices of $R$ are associated to $k$-cells of the $K_\alpha$, and thence to points of $P$. |
|
1259 |
If we triangulate $R$ (without introducing new vertices), we can linearly extend |
|
1
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|
1260 |
a map from the vertices of $R$ into $P$ to a map of all of $R$ into $P$. |
0 | 1261 |
Let $\cN$ be the set of all $\beta$ for which $K_\beta$ has a $k$-cell whose boundary meets |
1262 |
the $k{-}j$-cell corresponding to $E$. |
|
1263 |
For each $\beta \in \cN$, let $\{q_{\beta i}\}$ be the set of points in $P$ associated to the aforementioned $k$-cells. |
|
1264 |
Now define, for $p \in E$, |
|
1265 |
\eq{ |
|
8 | 1266 |
u(t, p, x) = (1-t)p + t \left( |
1267 |
\sum_{\alpha \notin \cN} r_\alpha(x) p_{c_\alpha} |
|
1268 |
+ \sum_{\beta \in \cN} r_\beta(x) \left( \sum_i \eta_{\beta i}(p) \cdot q_{\beta i} \right) |
|
1269 |
\right) . |
|
0 | 1270 |
} |
1271 |
Here $\eta_{\beta i}(p)$ is the weight given to $q_{\beta i}$ by the linear extension |
|
1272 |
mentioned above. |
|
1273 |
||
1274 |
This completes the definition of $u: I \times P \times X \to P$. |
|
1275 |
||
1276 |
\medskip |
|
1277 |
||
1278 |
Next we verify that $u$ has the desired properties. |
|
1279 |
||
1280 |
Since $u(0, p, x) = p$ for all $p\in P$ and $x\in X$, $F(0, p, x) = f(p, x)$ for all $p$ and $x$. |
|
1281 |
Therefore $F$ is a homotopy from $f$ to something. |
|
1282 |
||
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|
1283 |
Next we show that if the $K_\alpha$'s are sufficiently fine cell decompositions, |
0 | 1284 |
then $F$ is a homotopy through diffeomorphisms. |
1285 |
We must show that the derivative $\pd{F}{x}(t, p, x)$ is non-singular for all $(t, p, x)$. |
|
1286 |
We have |
|
1287 |
\eq{ |
|
8 | 1288 |
% \pd{F}{x}(t, p, x) = \pd{f}{x}(u(t, p, x), x) + \pd{f}{p}(u(t, p, x), x) \pd{u}{x}(t, p, x) . |
1289 |
\pd{F}{x} = \pd{f}{x} + \pd{f}{p} \pd{u}{x} . |
|
0 | 1290 |
} |
1291 |
Since $f$ is a family of diffeomorphisms, $\pd{f}{x}$ is non-singular and |
|
1292 |
\nn{bounded away from zero, or something like that}. |
|
1293 |
(Recall that $X$ and $P$ are compact.) |
|
1294 |
Also, $\pd{f}{p}$ is bounded. |
|
1295 |
So if we can insure that $\pd{u}{x}$ is sufficiently small, we are done. |
|
1296 |
It follows from Equation xxxx above that $\pd{u}{x}$ depends on $\pd{r_\alpha}{x}$ |
|
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|
1297 |
(which is bounded) |
0 | 1298 |
and the differences amongst the various $p_{c_\alpha}$'s and $q_{\beta i}$'s. |
1299 |
These differences are small if the cell decompositions $K_\alpha$ are sufficiently fine. |
|
1300 |
This completes the proof that $F$ is a homotopy through diffeomorphisms. |
|
1301 |
||
1302 |
\medskip |
|
1303 |
||
1304 |
Next we show that for each handle $D \sub P$, $F(1, \cdot, \cdot) : D\times X \to X$ |
|
1305 |
is a singular cell adapted to $\cU$. |
|
1306 |
This will complete the proof of the lemma. |
|
1307 |
\nn{except for boundary issues and the `$P$ is a cell' assumption} |
|
1308 |
||
8 | 1309 |
Let $j$ be the codimension of $D$. |
0 | 1310 |
(Or rather, the codimension of its corresponding cell. From now on we will not make a distinction |
1311 |
between handle and corresponding cell.) |
|
1312 |
Then $j = j_1 + \cdots + j_m$, $0 \le m \le k$, |
|
1313 |
where the $j_i$'s are the codimensions of the $K_\alpha$ |
|
1314 |
cells of codimension greater than 0 which intersect to form $D$. |
|
1315 |
We will show that |
|
1316 |
if the relevant $U_\alpha$'s are disjoint, then |
|
1317 |
$F(1, \cdot, \cdot) : D\times X \to X$ |
|
1318 |
is a product of singular cells of dimensions $j_1, \ldots, j_m$. |
|
1319 |
If some of the relevant $U_\alpha$'s intersect, then we will get a product of singular |
|
1320 |
cells whose dimensions correspond to a partition of the $j_i$'s. |
|
1321 |
We will consider some simple special cases first, then do the general case. |
|
1322 |
||
1323 |
First consider the case $j=0$ (and $m=0$). |
|
1324 |
A quick look at Equation xxxx above shows that $u(1, p, x)$, and hence $F(1, p, x)$, |
|
1325 |
is independent of $p \in P$. |
|
1326 |
So the corresponding map $D \to \Diff(X)$ is constant. |
|
1327 |
||
1328 |
Next consider the case $j = 1$ (and $m=1$, $j_1=1$). |
|
1329 |
Now Equation yyyy applies. |
|
1330 |
We can write $D = D'\times I$, where the normal coordinate $\eta$ is constant on $D'$. |
|
1331 |
It follows that the singular cell $D \to \Diff(X)$ can be written as a product |
|
1332 |
of a constant map $D' \to \Diff(X)$ and a singular 1-cell $I \to \Diff(X)$. |
|
1333 |
The singular 1-cell is supported on $U_\beta$, since $r_\beta = 0$ outside of this set. |
|
1334 |
||
1335 |
Next case: $j=2$, $m=1$, $j_1 = 2$. |
|
8 | 1336 |
This is similar to the previous case, except that the normal bundle is 2-dimensional instead of |
0 | 1337 |
1-dimensional. |
1338 |
We have that $D \to \Diff(X)$ is a product of a constant singular $k{-}2$-cell |
|
1339 |
and a 2-cell with support $U_\beta$. |
|
1340 |
||
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|
1341 |
Next case: $j=2$, $m=2$, $j_1 = j_2 = 1$. |
0 | 1342 |
In this case the codimension 2 cell $D$ is the intersection of two |
1343 |
codimension 1 cells, from $K_\beta$ and $K_\gamma$. |
|
1344 |
We can write $D = D' \times I \times I$, where the normal coordinates are constant |
|
1345 |
on $D'$, and the two $I$ factors correspond to $\beta$ and $\gamma$. |
|
1346 |
If $U_\beta$ and $U_\gamma$ are disjoint, then we can factor $D$ into a constant $k{-}2$-cell and |
|
1347 |
two 1-cells, supported on $U_\beta$ and $U_\gamma$ respectively. |
|
1348 |
If $U_\beta$ and $U_\gamma$ intersect, then we can factor $D$ into a constant $k{-}2$-cell and |
|
1349 |
a 2-cell supported on $U_\beta \cup U_\gamma$. |
|
1350 |
\nn{need to check that this is true} |
|
1351 |
||
1352 |
\nn{finally, general case...} |
|
1353 |
||
1354 |
\nn{this completes proof} |
|
1355 |
||
13 | 1356 |
\input{text/explicit.tex} |
0 | 1357 |
|
55 | 1358 |
\input{text/obsolete.tex} |
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1359 |
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1360 |
% ---------------------------------------------------------------- |
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|
1361 |
%\newcommand{\urlprefix}{} |
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|
1362 |
\bibliographystyle{plain} |
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|
1363 |
%Included for winedt: |
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|
1364 |
%input "bibliography/bibliography.bib" |
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|
1365 |
\bibliography{bibliography/bibliography} |
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|
1366 |
% ---------------------------------------------------------------- |
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1367 |
|
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|
1368 |
This paper is available online at \arxiv{?????}, and at |
47
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|
1369 |
\url{http://tqft.net/blobs}, |
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|
1370 |
and at \url{http://canyon23.net/math/}. |
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|
1371 |
|
22
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1372 |
% A GTART necessity: |
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1373 |
% \Addresses |
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1374 |
% ---------------------------------------------------------------- |
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|
1375 |
\end{document} |
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|
1376 |
% ---------------------------------------------------------------- |
0 | 1377 |
|
1378 |
||
1379 |
||
1380 |
||
1381 |
%Recall that for $n$-category picture fields there is an evaluation map |
|
1382 |
%$m: \bc_0(B^n; c, c') \to \mor(c, c')$. |
|
1383 |
%If we regard $\mor(c, c')$ as a complex concentrated in degree 0, then this becomes a chain |
|
1384 |
%map $m: \bc_*(B^n; c, c') \to \mor(c, c')$. |