\section{Gluing - needs to be rewritten/replaced}

\label{sec:gluing}%

We now turn to establishing the gluing formula for blob homology, restated from Property \ref{property:gluing} in the Introduction

\begin{itemize}

%\mbox{}% <-- gets the indenting right

\item For any $(n-1)$-manifold $Y$, the blob homology of $Y \times I$ is

naturally an $A_\infty$ category. % We'll write $\bc_*(Y)$ for $\bc_*(Y \times I)$ below.

\item For any $n$-manifold $X$, with $Y$ a codimension $0$-submanifold of its boundary, the blob homology of $X$ is naturally an

$A_\infty$ module for $\bc_*(Y \times I)$.

\item For any $n$-manifold $X$, with $Y \cup Y^{\text{op}}$ a codimension

$0$-submanifold of its boundary, the blob homology of $X'$, obtained from

$X$ by gluing along $Y$, is the $A_\infty$ self-tensor product of

$\bc_*(X)$ as an $\bc_*(Y \times I)$-bimodule.

\begin{equation*}

\bc_*(X') \iso \bc_*(X) \Tensor^{A_\infty}_{\mathclap{\bc_*(Y \times I)}} \!\!\!\!\!\!\xymatrix{ \ar@(ru,rd)@<-1ex>[]}

\end{equation*}

\end{itemize}

Although this gluing formula is stated in terms of $A_\infty$ categories and their (bi-)modules, it will be more natural for us to give alternative

definitions of `topological' $A_\infty$-categories and their bimodules, explain how to translate between the `algebraic' and `topological' definitions,

and then prove the gluing formula in the topological langauge. Section \ref{sec:topological-A-infty} below explains these definitions, and establishes

the desired equivalence. This is quite involved, and in particular requires us to generalise the definition of blob homology to allow $A_\infty$ algebras

as inputs, and to re-establish many of the properties of blob homology in this generality. Many readers may prefer to read the

Definitions \ref{defn:topological-algebra} and \ref{defn:topological-module} of `topological' $A_\infty$-categories, and Definition \ref{???} of the

self-tensor product of a `topological' $A_\infty$-bimodule, then skip to \S \ref{sec:boundary-action} and \S \ref{sec:gluing-formula} for the proofs

of the gluing formula in the topological context.

\subsection{`Topological' $A_\infty$ $n$-categories}

\label{sec:topological-A-infty}%

This section prepares the ground for establishing Property \ref{property:gluing} by defining the notion of a \emph{topological $A_\infty$-$n$-category}.

The main result of this section is

\begin{thm}

Topological $A_\infty$-$1$-categories are equivalent to the usual notion of

$A_\infty$-$1$-categories.

\end{thm}

Before proving this theorem, we embark upon a long string of definitions.

For expository purposes, we begin with the $n=1$ special cases,\scott{Why are we treating the $n>1$ cases at all?} and define

first topological $A_\infty$-algebras, then topological $A_\infty$-categories, and then topological $A_\infty$-modules over these. We then turn

to the general $n$ case, defining topological $A_\infty$-$n$-categories and their modules.

\nn{Something about duals?}

\todo{Explain that we're not making contact with any previous notions for the general $n$ case?}

\kevin{probably we should say something about the relation

to [framed] $E_\infty$ algebras

}

\todo{}

Various citations we might want to make:

\begin{itemize}

\item \cite{MR2061854} McClure and Smith's review article

\item \cite{MR0420610} May, (inter alia, definition of $E_\infty$ operad)

\item \cite{MR0236922,MR0420609} Boardman and Vogt

\item \cite{MR1256989} definition of framed little-discs operad

\end{itemize}

\begin{defn}

\label{defn:topological-algebra}%

A ``topological $A_\infty$-algebra'' $A$ consists of the following data.

\begin{enumerate}

\item For each $1$-manifold $J$ diffeomorphic to the standard interval

$I=\left[0,1\right]$, a complex of vector spaces $A(J)$.

% either roll functoriality into the evaluation map

\item For each pair of intervals $J,J'$ an `evaluation' chain map

$\ev_{J \to J'} : \CD{J \to J'} \tensor A(J) \to A(J')$.

\item For each decomposition of intervals $J = J'\cup J''$,

a gluing map $\gl_{J',J''} : A(J') \tensor A(J'') \to A(J)$.

% or do it as two separate pieces of data

%\item along with an `evaluation' chain map $\ev_J : \CD{J} \tensor A(J) \to A(J)$,

%\item for each diffeomorphism $\phi : J \to J'$, an isomorphism $A(\phi) : A(J) \isoto A(J')$,

%\item and for each pair of intervals $J,J'$ a gluing map $\gl_{J,J'} : A(J) \tensor A(J') \to A(J \cup J')$,

\end{enumerate}

This data is required to satisfy the following conditions.

\begin{itemize}

\item The evaluation chain map is associative, in that the diagram

\begin{equation*}

\xymatrix{

 & \quad \mathclap{\CD{J' \to J''} \tensor \CD{J \to J'} \tensor A(J)} \quad \ar[dr]^{\id \tensor \ev_{J \to J'}} \ar[dl]_{\compose \tensor \id} & \\

\CD{J' \to J''} \tensor A(J') \ar[dr]^{\ev_{J' \to J''}} & & \CD{J \to J''} \tensor A(J) \ar[dl]_{\ev_{J \to J''}} \\

 & A(J'') &

}

\end{equation*}

commutes up to homotopy.

Here the map $$\compose : \CD{J' \to J''} \tensor \CD{J \to J'} \to \CD{J \to J''}$$ is a composition: take products of singular chains first, then compose diffeomorphisms.

%% or the version for separate pieces of data:

%\item If $\phi$ is a diffeomorphism from $J$ to itself, the maps $\ev_J(\phi, -)$ and $A(\phi)$ are the same.

%\item The evaluation chain map is associative, in that the diagram

%\begin{equation*}

%\xymatrix{

%\CD{J} \tensor \CD{J} \tensor A(J) \ar[r]^{\id \tensor \ev_J} \ar[d]_{\compose \tensor \id} &

%\CD{J} \tensor A(J) \ar[d]^{\ev_J} \\

%\CD{J} \tensor A(J) \ar[r]_{\ev_J} &

%A(J)

%}

%\end{equation*}

%commutes. (Here the map $\compose : \CD{J} \tensor \CD{J} \to \CD{J}$ is a composition: take products of singular chains first, then use the group multiplication in $\Diff(J)$.)

\item The gluing maps are \emph{strictly} associative. That is, given $J$, $J'$ and $J''$, the diagram

\begin{equation*}

\xymatrix{

A(J) \tensor A(J') \tensor A(J'') \ar[rr]^{\gl_{J,J'} \tensor \id} \ar[d]_{\id \tensor \gl_{J',J''}} &&

A(J \cup J') \tensor A(J'') \ar[d]^{\gl_{J \cup J', J''}} \\

A(J) \tensor A(J' \cup J'') \ar[rr]_{\gl_{J, J' \cup J''}} &&

A(J \cup J' \cup J'')

}

\end{equation*}

commutes.

\item The gluing and evaluation maps are compatible.

\nn{give diagram, or just say ``in the obvious way", or refer to diagram in blob eval map section?}

\end{itemize}

\end{defn}

\begin{rem}

We can restrict the evaluation map to $0$-chains, and see that $J \mapsto A(J)$ and $(\phi:J \to J') \mapsto \ev_{J \to J'}(\phi, \bullet)$ together

constitute a functor from the category of intervals and diffeomorphisms between them to the category of complexes of vector spaces.

Further, once this functor has been specified, we only need to know how the evaluation map acts when $J = J'$.

\end{rem}

%% if we do things separately, we should say this:

%\begin{rem}

%Of course, the first and third pieces of data (the complexes, and the isomorphisms) together just constitute a functor from the category of

%intervals and diffeomorphisms between them to the category of complexes of vector spaces.

%Further, one can combine the second and third pieces of data, asking instead for a map

%\begin{equation*}

%\ev_{J,J'} : \CD{J \to J'} \tensor A(J) \to A(J').

%\end{equation*}

%(Any $k$-parameter family of diffeomorphisms in $C_k(\Diff(J \to J'))$ factors into a single diffeomorphism $J \to J'$ and a $k$-parameter family of

%diffeomorphisms in $\CD{J'}$.)

%\end{rem}

To generalise the definition to that of a category, we simply introduce a set of objects which we call $A(pt)$. Now we associate complexes to each

interval with boundary conditions $(J, c_-, c_+)$, with $c_-, c_+ \in A(pt)$, and only ask for gluing maps when the boundary conditions match up:

\begin{equation*}

\gl : A(J, c_-, c_0) \tensor A(J', c_0, c_+) \to A(J \cup J', c_-, c_+).

\end{equation*}

The action of diffeomorphisms (and of $k$-parameter families of diffeomorphisms) ignores the boundary conditions.

\todo{we presumably need to say something about $\id_c \in A(J, c, c)$.}

At this point we can give two motivating examples. The first is `chains of maps to $M$' for some fixed target space $M$.

\begin{defn}

Define the topological $A_\infty$ category $C_*(\Maps(\bullet \to M))$ by

\begin{enumerate}

\item $A(J) = C_*(\Maps(J \to M))$, singular chains on the space of smooth maps from $J$ to $M$,

\item $\ev_{J,J'} : \CD{J \to J'} \tensor A(J) \to A(J')$ is the composition

\begin{align*}

\CD{J \to J'} \tensor C_*(\Maps(J \to M)) & \to C_*(\Diff(J \to J') \times \Maps(J \to M)) \\ & \to C_*(\Maps(J' \to M)),

\end{align*}

where the first map is the product of singular chains, and the second is precomposition by the inverse of a diffeomorphism,

\item $\gl_{J,J'} : A(J) \tensor A(J')$ takes the product of singular chains, then glues maps to $M$ together.

\end{enumerate}

The associativity conditions are trivially satisfied.

\end{defn}

The second example is simply the blob complex of $Y \times J$, for any $n-1$ manifold $Y$. We define $A(J) = \bc_*(Y \times J)$.

Observe $\Diff(J \to J')$ embeds into $\Diff(Y \times J \to Y \times J')$. The evaluation and gluing maps then come directly from Properties

\ref{property:evaluation} and \ref{property:gluing-map} respectively. We'll often write $bc_*(Y)$ for this algebra.

The definition of a module follows closely the definition of an algebra or category.

\begin{defn}

\label{defn:topological-module}%

A topological $A_\infty$-(left-)module $M$ over a topological $A_\infty$ category $A$

consists of the following data.

\begin{enumerate}

\item A functor $K \mapsto M(K)$ from $1$-manifolds diffeomorphic to the standard interval, with the upper boundary point `marked', to complexes of vector spaces.

\item For each pair of such marked intervals,

an `evaluation' chain map $\ev_{K\to K'} : \CD{K \to K'} \tensor M(K) \to M(K')$.

\item For each decomposition $K = J\cup K'$ of the marked interval

$K$ into an unmarked interval $J$ and a marked interval $K'$, a gluing map

$\gl_{J,K'} : A(J) \tensor M(K') \to M(K)$.

\end{enumerate}

The above data is required to satisfy

conditions analogous to those in Definition \ref{defn:topological-algebra}.

\end{defn}

For any manifold $X$ with $\bdy X = Y$ (or indeed just with $Y$ a codimension $0$-submanifold of $\bdy X$) we can think of $\bc_*(X)$ as

a topological $A_\infty$ module over $\bc_*(Y)$, the topological $A_\infty$ category described above.

For each interval $K$, we have $M(K) = \bc_*((Y \times K) \cup_Y X)$.

(Here we glue $Y \times pt$ to $Y \subset \bdy X$, where $pt$ is the marked point of $K$.) Again, the evaluation and gluing maps come directly from Properties

\ref{property:evaluation} and \ref{property:gluing-map} respectively.

The definition of a bimodule is like the definition of a module,

except that we have two disjoint marked intervals $K$ and $L$, one with a marked point

on the upper boundary and the other with a marked point on the lower boundary.

There are evaluation maps corresponding to gluing unmarked intervals

to the unmarked ends of $K$ and $L$.

Let $X$ be an $n$-manifold with a copy of $Y \du -Y$ embedded as a

codimension-0 submanifold of $\bdy X$.

Then the the assignment $K,L \mapsto \bc_*(X \cup_Y (Y\times K) \cup_{-Y} (-Y\times L))$ has the

structure of a topological $A_\infty$ bimodule over $\bc_*(Y)$.

Next we define the coend

(or gluing or tensor product or self tensor product, depending on the context)

$\gl(M)$ of a topological $A_\infty$ bimodule $M$. This will be an `initial' or `universal' object satisfying various properties.

\begin{defn}

We define a category $\cG(M)$. Objects consist of the following data.

\begin{itemize}

\item For each interval $N$ with both endpoints marked, a complex of vector spaces C(N).

\item For each pair of intervals $N,N'$ an evaluation chain map

$\ev_{N \to N'} : \CD{N \to N'} \tensor C(N) \to C(N')$.

\item For each decomposition of intervals $N = K\cup L$,

a gluing map $\gl_{K,L} : M(K,L) \to C(N)$.

\end{itemize}

This data must satisfy the following conditions.

\begin{itemize}

\item The evaluation maps are associative.

\nn{up to homotopy?}

\item Gluing is strictly associative.

That is, given a decomposition $N = K\cup J\cup L$, the chain maps associated to

$K\du J\du L \to (K\cup J)\du L \to N$ and $K\du J\du L \to K\du (J\cup L) \to N$

agree.

\item the gluing and evaluation maps are compatible.

\end{itemize}

A morphism $f$ between such objects $C$ and $C'$ is a chain map $f_N : C(N) \to C'(N)$ for each interval $N$ with both endpoints marked,

satisfying the following conditions.

\begin{itemize}

\item For each pair of intervals $N,N'$, the diagram

\begin{equation*}

\xymatrix{

\CD{N \to N'} \tensor C(N) \ar[d]_{\ev} \ar[r]^{\id \tensor f_N} & \CD{N \to N'} \tensor C'(N) \ar[d]^{\ev} \\

C(N) \ar[r]_{f_N} & C'(N)

}

\end{equation*}

commutes.

\item For each decomposition of intervals $N = K \cup L$, the gluing map for $C'$, $\gl'_{K,L} : M(K,L) \to C'(N)$ is the composition

$$M(K,L) \xto{\gl_{K,L}} C(N) \xto{f_N} C'(N).$$

\end{itemize}

\end{defn}

We now define $\gl(M)$ to be an initial object in the category $\cG{M}$. This just says that for any other object $C'$ in $\cG{M}$,

there are chain maps $f_N: \gl(M)(N) \to C'(N)$, compatible with the action of families of diffeomorphisms, so that the gluing maps $M(K,L) \to C'(N)$

factor through the gluing maps for $\gl(M)$.

We return to our two favourite examples. First, the coend of the topological $A_\infty$ category $C_*(\Maps(\bullet \to M))$ as a bimodule over itself

is essentially $C_*(\Maps(S^1 \to M))$. \todo{}

For the second example, given $X$ and $Y\du -Y \sub \bdy X$, the assignment

$$N \mapsto \bc_*(X \cup_{Y\du -Y} (N\times Y))$$ clearly gives an object in $\cG{M}$.

Showing that it is an initial object is the content of the gluing theorem proved below.

The definitions for a topological $A_\infty$-$n$-category are very similar to the above

$n=1$ case.

One replaces intervals with manifolds diffeomorphic to the ball $B^n$.

Marked points are replaced by copies of $B^{n-1}$ in $\bdy B^n$.

\nn{give examples: $A(J^n) = \bc_*(Z\times J)$ and $A(J^n) = C_*(\Maps(J \to M))$.}

\todo{the motivating example $C_*(\Maps(X, M))$}

\newcommand{\skel}[1]{\operatorname{skeleton}(#1)}

Given a topological $A_\infty$-category $\cC$, we can construct an `algebraic' $A_\infty$ category $\skel{\cC}$. First, pick your

favorite diffeomorphism $\phi: I \cup I \to I$.

\begin{defn}

We'll write $\skel{\cC} = (A, m_k)$. Define $A = \cC(I)$, and $m_2 : A \tensor A \to A$ by

\begin{equation*}

m_2 \cC(I) \tensor \cC(I) \xrightarrow{\gl_{I,I}} \cC(I \cup I) \xrightarrow{\cC(\phi)} \cC(I).

\end{equation*}

Next, we define all the `higher associators' $m_k$ by

\todo{}

\end{defn}

Give an `algebraic' $A_\infty$ category $(A, m_k)$, we can construct a topological $A_\infty$-category, which we call $\bc_*^A$. You should

think of this as a generalisation of the blob complex, although the construction we give will \emph{not} specialise to exactly the usual definition

in the case the $A$ is actually an associative category.

We'll first define $\cT_{k,n}$ to be the set of planar forests consisting of $n-k$ trees, with a total of $n$ leaves. Thus

\todo{$\cT_{0,n}$ has 1 element, with $n$ vertical lines, $\cT_{1,n}$ has $n-1$ elements, each with a single trivalent vertex, $\cT_{2,n}$ etc...}

\begin{align*}

\end{align*}

\begin{defn}

The topological $A_\infty$ category $\bc_*^A$ is doubly graded, by `blob degree' and `internal degree'. We'll write $\bc_k^A$ for the blob degree $k$ piece.

The homological degree of an element $a \in \bc_*^A(J)$

is the sum of the blob degree and the internal degree.

We first define $\bc_0^A(J)$ as a vector space by

\begin{equation*}

\bc_0^A(J) = \DirectSum_{\substack{\{J_i\}_{i=1}^n \\ \mathclap{\bigcup_i J_i = J}}} \Tensor_{i=1}^n (\CD{J_i \to I} \tensor A).

\end{equation*}

(That is, for each division of $J$ into finitely many subintervals,

we have the tensor product of chains of diffeomorphisms from each subinterval to the standard interval,

and a copy of $A$ for each subinterval.)

The internal degree of an element $(f_1 \tensor a_1, \ldots, f_n \tensor a_n)$ is the sum of the dimensions of the singular chains

plus the sum of the homological degrees of the elements of $A$.

The differential is defined just by the graded Leibniz rule and the differentials on $\CD{J_i \to I}$ and on $A$.

Next,

\begin{equation*}

\bc_1^A(J) = \DirectSum_{\substack{\{J_i\}_{i=1}^n \\ \mathclap{\bigcup_i J_i = J}}} \DirectSum_{T \in \cT_{1,n}} \Tensor_{i=1}^n (\CD{J_i \to I} \tensor A).

\end{equation*}

\end{defn}

\begin{figure}[!ht]

\begin{equation*}

\mathfig{0.7}{associahedron/A4-vertices}

\end{equation*}

\caption{The vertices of the $k$-dimensional associahedron are indexed by binary trees on $k+2$ leaves.}

\label{fig:A4-vertices}

\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[!ht]

\begin{equation*}

\mathfig{0.7}{associahedron/A4-faces}

\end{equation*}

\caption{The faces of the $k$-dimensional associahedron are indexed by trees with $2$ vertices on $k+2$ leaves.}

\label{fig:A4-vertices}

\end{figure}

\newcommand{\tm}{\widetilde{m}}

Let $\tm_1(a) = a$.

We now define $\bdy(\tm_k(a_1 \tensor \cdots \tensor a_k))$, first giving an opaque formula, then explaining the combinatorics behind it.

\begin{align}

\notag \bdy(\tm_k(a_1 & \tensor \cdots \tensor a_k)) = \\

\label{eq:bdy-tm-k-1}   & \phantom{+} \sum_{\ell'=0}^{k-1} (-1)^{\abs{\tm_k}+\sum_{j=1}^{\ell'} \abs{a_j}} \tm_k(a_1 \tensor \cdots \tensor \bdy a_{\ell'+1} \tensor \cdots \tensor a_k) + \\

\label{eq:bdy-tm-k-2}   &          +  \sum_{\ell=1}^{k-1} \tm_{\ell}(a_1 \tensor \cdots \tensor a_{\ell}) \tensor \tm_{k-\ell}(a_{\ell+1} \tensor \cdots \tensor a_k) + \\

\label{eq:bdy-tm-k-3}   &          +  \sum_{\ell=1}^{k-1} \sum_{\ell'=0}^{l-1} (-1)^{\abs{\tm_k}+\sum_{j=1}^{\ell'} \abs{a_j}} \tm_{\ell}(a_1 \tensor \cdots \tensor m_{k-\ell + 1}(a_{\ell' + 1} \tensor \cdots \tensor a_{\ell' + k - \ell + 1}) \tensor \cdots \tensor a_k)

\end{align}

The first set of terms in $\bdy(\tm_k(a_1 \tensor \cdots \tensor a_k))$ just have $\bdy$ acting on each argument $a_i$.

The terms appearing in \eqref{eq:bdy-tm-k-2} and \eqref{eq:bdy-tm-k-3} are indexed by trees with $2$ vertices on $k+1$ leaves.

Note here that we have one more leaf than there arguments of $\tm_k$.

(See Figure \ref{fig:A4-vertices}, in which the rightmost branches are helpfully drawn in red.)

We will treat the vertices which involve a rightmost (red) branch differently from the vertices which only involve the first $k$ leaves.

The terms in \eqref{eq:bdy-tm-k-2} arise in the cases in which both

vertices are rightmost, and the corresponding term in $\bdy(\tm_k(a_1 \tensor \cdots \tensor a_k))$ is a tensor product of the form

$$\tm_{\ell}(a_1 \tensor \cdots \tensor a_{\ell}) \tensor \tm_{k-\ell}(a_{\ell+1} \tensor \cdots \tensor a_k)$$

where $\ell + 1$ and $k - \ell + 1$ are the number of branches entering the vertices.

If only one vertex is rightmost, we get the term $$\tm_{\ell}(a_1 \tensor \cdots \tensor m_{k-\ell+1}(a_{\ell' + 1} \tensor \cdots \tensor a_{\ell' + k - \ell}) \tensor \cdots \tensor a_k)$$

in \eqref{eq:bdy-tm-k-3},

where again $\ell + 1$ is the number of branches entering the rightmost vertex, $k-\ell+1$ is the number of branches entering the other vertex, and $\ell'$ is the number of edges meeting the rightmost vertex which start to the left of the other vertex.

For example, we have

\begin{align*}

\bdy(\tm_2(a \tensor b)) & = \left(\tm_2(\bdy a \tensor b) + (-1)^{\abs{a}} \tm_2(a \tensor \bdy b)\right) + \\

                         & \qquad - a \tensor b + m_2(a \tensor b) \\

\bdy(\tm_3(a \tensor b \tensor c)) & = \left(- \tm_3(\bdy a \tensor b \tensor c) + (-1)^{\abs{a} + 1} \tm_3(a \tensor \bdy b \tensor c) + (-1)^{\abs{a} + \abs{b} + 1} \tm_3(a \tensor b \tensor \bdy c)\right) + \\

                                   & \qquad + \left(- \tm_2(a \tensor b) \tensor c + a \tensor \tm_2(b \tensor c)\right) + \\

                                   & \qquad + \left(- \tm_2(m_2(a \tensor b) \tensor c) + \tm_2(a, m_2(b \tensor c)) + m_3(a \tensor b \tensor c)\right)

\end{align*}

\begin{align*}

\bdy(& \tm_4(a \tensor b \tensor c \tensor d)) = \left(\tm_4(\bdy a \tensor b \tensor c \tensor d) + \cdots + \tm_4(a \tensor b \tensor c \tensor \bdy d)\right) + \\

                                             & + \left(\tm_3(a \tensor b \tensor c) \tensor d + \tm_2(a \tensor b) \tensor \tm_2(c \tensor d) + a \tensor \tm_3(b \tensor c \tensor d)\right) + \\

                                             & + \left(\tm_3(m_2(a \tensor b) \tensor c \tensor d) + \tm_3(a \tensor m_2(b \tensor c) \tensor d) + \tm_3(a \tensor b \tensor m_2(c \tensor d))\right. + \\

                                             & + \left.\tm_2(m_3(a \tensor b \tensor c) \tensor d) + \tm_2(a \tensor m_3(b \tensor c \tensor d)) + m_4(a \tensor b \tensor c \tensor d)\right) \\

\end{align*}

See Figure \ref{fig:A4-terms}, comparing it against Figure \ref{fig:A4-faces}, to see this illustrated in the case $k=4$. There the $3$ faces closest

to the top of the diagram have two rightmost vertices, while the other $6$ faces have only one.

\begin{figure}[!ht]

\begin{equation*}

\mathfig{1.0}{associahedron/A4-terms}

\end{equation*}

\caption{The terms of $\bdy(\tm_k(a_1 \tensor \cdots \tensor a_k))$ correspond to the faces of the $k-1$ dimensional associahedron.}

\label{fig:A4-terms}

\end{figure}

\begin{lem}

This definition actually results in a chain complex, that is $\bdy^2 = 0$.

\end{lem}

\begin{proof}

\newcommand{\T}{\text{---}}

\newcommand{\ssum}[1]{{\sum}^{(#1)}}

For the duration of this proof, inside a summation over variables $l_1, \ldots, l_m$, an expression with $m$ dashes will be interpreted

by replacing each dash with contiguous factors from $a_1 \tensor \cdots \tensor a_k$, so the first dash takes the first $l_1$ factors, the second

takes the next $l_2$ factors, and so on. Further, we'll write $\ssum{m}$ for $\sum_{\sum_{i=1}^m l_i = k}$.

In this notation, the formula for the differential becomes

\begin{align}

\notag

\bdy \tm(\T) & = \ssum{2} \tm(\T) \tensor \tm(\T) \times \sigma_{0;l_1,l_2} + \ssum{3} \tm(\T \tensor m(\T) \tensor \T) \times \tau_{0;l_1,l_2,l_3} \\

\intertext{and we calculate}

\notag

\bdy^2 \tm(\T) & = \ssum{2} \bdy \tm(\T) \tensor \tm(\T) \times \sigma_{0;l_1,l_2} \\

\notag         & \qquad + \ssum{2} \tm(\T) \tensor \bdy \tm(\T) \times \sigma_{0;l_1,l_2} \\

\notag         & \qquad + \ssum{3} \bdy \tm(\T \tensor m(\T) \tensor \T) \times \tau_{0;l_1,l_2,l_3} \\

\label{eq:d21} & = \ssum{3} \tm(\T) \tensor \tm(\T) \tensor \tm(\T) \times \sigma_{0;l_1+l_2,l_3} \sigma_{0;l_1,l_2} \\

\label{eq:d22} & \qquad + \ssum{4} \tm(\T \tensor m(\T) \tensor \T) \tensor \tm(\T) \times \sigma_{0;l_1+l_2+l_3,l_4} \tau_{0;l_1,l_2,l_3} \\

\label{eq:d23} & \qquad + \ssum{3} \tm(\T) \tensor \tm(\T) \tensor \tm(\T) \times \sigma_{0;l_1,l_2+l_3} \sigma_{l_1;l_2,l_3} \\

\label{eq:d24} & \qquad + \ssum{4} \tm(\T) \tensor \tm(\T \tensor m(\T) \tensor \T) \times \sigma_{0;l_1,l_2+l_3+l_4} \tau_{l_1;l_2,l_3,l_4} \\

\label{eq:d25} & \qquad + \ssum{4} \tm(\T \tensor m(\T) \tensor \T) \tensor \tm(\T) \times \tau_{0;l_1,l_2,l_3+l_4} ??? \\

\label{eq:d26} & \qquad + \ssum{4} \tm(\T) \tensor \tm(\T \tensor m(\T) \tensor \T) \times \tau_{0;l_1+l_2,l_3,l_4} \sigma_{0;l_1,l_2} \\

\label{eq:d27} & \qquad + \ssum{5} \tm(\T \tensor m(\T) \tensor \T \tensor m(\T) \tensor \T) \times \tau_{0;l_1+l_2+l_3,l_4,l_5} \tau_{0;l_1,l_2,l_3}  \\

\label{eq:d28} & \qquad + \ssum{5} \tm(\T \tensor m(\T \tensor m(\T) \tensor \T) \tensor \T) \times \tau_{0;l_1,l_2+l_3+l_4,l_5} ??? \\

\label{eq:d29} & \qquad + \ssum{5} \tm(\T \tensor m(\T) \tensor \T \tensor m(\T) \tensor \T) \times \tau_{0;l_1,l_2,l_3+l_4+l_5} ???

\end{align}

Now, we see the the expressions on the right hand side of line \eqref{eq:d21} and those on \eqref{eq:d23} cancel. Similarly, line \eqref{eq:d22} cancels

with \eqref{eq:d25}, \eqref{eq:d24} with \eqref{eq:d26}, and \eqref{eq:d27} with \eqref{eq:d29}. Finally, we need to see that \eqref{eq:d28} gives $0$,

by the usual relations between the $m_k$ in an $A_\infty$ algebra.

\end{proof}

\nn{Need to let the input $n$-category $C$ be a graded thing (e.g. DG

$n$-category or $A_\infty$ $n$-category). DG $n$-category case is pretty

easy, I think, so maybe it should be done earlier??}

\bigskip

Outline:

\begin{itemize}

\item recall defs of $A_\infty$ category (1-category only), modules, (self-) tensor product.

use graphical/tree point of view, rather than following Keller exactly

\item define blob complex in $A_\infty$ case; fat mapping cones?  tree decoration?

\item topological $A_\infty$ cat def (maybe this should go first); also modules gluing

\item motivating example: $C_*(\Maps(X, M))$

\item maybe incorporate dual point of view (for $n=1$), where points get

object labels and intervals get 1-morphism labels

\end{itemize}

\subsection{$A_\infty$ action on the boundary}

\label{sec:boundary-action}%

Let $Y$ be an $n{-}1$-manifold.

The collection of complexes $\{\bc_*(Y\times I; a, b)\}$, where $a, b \in \cC(Y)$ are boundary

conditions on $\bd(Y\times I) = Y\times \{0\} \cup Y\times\{1\}$, has the structure

of an $A_\infty$ category.

Composition of morphisms (multiplication) depends of a choice of homeomorphism

$I\cup I \cong I$.  Given this choice, gluing gives a map

\eq{

    \bc_*(Y\times I; a, b) \otimes \bc_*(Y\times I; b, c) \to \bc_*(Y\times (I\cup I); a, c)

            \cong \bc_*(Y\times I; a, c)

}

Using (\ref{CDprop}) and the inclusion $\Diff(I) \sub \Diff(Y\times I)$ gives the various

higher associators of the $A_\infty$ structure, more or less canonically.

\nn{is this obvious?  does more need to be said?}

Let $\cA(Y)$ denote the $A_\infty$ category $\bc_*(Y\times I; \cdot, \cdot)$.

Similarly, if $Y \sub \bd X$, a choice of collaring homeomorphism

$(Y\times I) \cup_Y X \cong X$ gives the collection of complexes $\bc_*(X; r, a)$

(variable $a \in \cC(Y)$; fixed $r \in \cC(\bd X \setmin Y)$) the structure of a representation of the

$A_\infty$ category $\{\bc_*(Y\times I; \cdot, \cdot)\}$.

Again the higher associators come from the action of $\Diff(I)$ on a collar neighborhood

of $Y$ in $X$.

In the next section we use the above $A_\infty$ actions to state and prove

a gluing theorem for the blob complexes of $n$-manifolds.

\subsection{The gluing formula}

\label{sec:gluing-formula}%

Let $Y$ be an $n{-}1$-manifold and let $X$ be an $n$-manifold with a copy

of $Y \du -Y$ contained in its boundary.

Gluing the two copies of $Y$ together we obtain a new $n$-manifold $X\sgl$.

We wish to describe the blob complex of $X\sgl$ in terms of the blob complex

of $X$.

More precisely, we want to describe $\bc_*(X\sgl; c\sgl)$,

where $c\sgl \in \cC(\bd X\sgl)$,

in terms of the collection $\{\bc_*(X; c, \cdot, \cdot)\}$, thought of as a representation

of the $A_\infty$ category $\cA(Y\du-Y) \cong \cA(Y)\times \cA(Y)\op$.

\begin{thm}

$\bc_*(X\sgl; c\sgl)$ is quasi-isomorphic to the the self tensor product

of $\{\bc_*(X; c, \cdot, \cdot)\}$ over $\cA(Y)$.

\end{thm}

The proof will occupy the remainder of this section.

\nn{...}

\bigskip

\nn{need to define/recall def of (self) tensor product over an $A_\infty$ category}