pnas/pnas.tex
changeset 628 4cce595ae1d3
parent 627 b0ed73b141d8
child 629 a1fa4428ddbc
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   284 homeomorphisms which are not the identity on the boundary of the $k$-ball.
   284 homeomorphisms which are not the identity on the boundary of the $k$-ball.
   285 The action of these homeomorphisms gives the ``strong duality" structure.
   285 The action of these homeomorphisms gives the ``strong duality" structure.
   286 As such, we don't subdivide the boundary of a morphism
   286 As such, we don't subdivide the boundary of a morphism
   287 into domain and range --- the duality operations can convert between domain and range.
   287 into domain and range --- the duality operations can convert between domain and range.
   288 
   288 
   289 Later \todo{} we inductively define an extension of the functors $\cC_k$ to functors $\cl{\cC}_k$ from arbitrary manifolds to sets. We need the restriction of these functors to $k$-spheres, for $k<n$, for the next axiom.
   289 Later \nn{make sure this actually happens, or reorganise} we inductively define an extension of the functors $\cC_k$ to functors $\cl{\cC}_k$ from arbitrary manifolds to sets. We need the restriction of these functors to $k$-spheres, for $k<n$, for the next axiom.
   290 
   290 
   291 \begin{axiom}[Boundaries]\label{nca-boundary}
   291 \begin{axiom}[Boundaries]\label{nca-boundary}
   292 For each $k$-ball $X$, we have a map of sets $\bd: \cC_k(X)\to \cl{\cC}_{k-1}(\bd X)$.
   292 For each $k$-ball $X$, we have a map of sets $\bd: \cC_k(X)\to \cl{\cC}_{k-1}(\bd X)$.
   293 These maps, for various $X$, comprise a natural transformation of functors.
   293 These maps, for various $X$, comprise a natural transformation of functors.
   294 \end{axiom}
   294 \end{axiom}
   526 that is, a permissible decomposition $x$ of $W$ together with an element of $\psi_{\cC;W}(x)$.
   526 that is, a permissible decomposition $x$ of $W$ together with an element of $\psi_{\cC;W}(x)$.
   527 
   527 
   528 
   528 
   529 \subsubsection{Homotopy colimits}
   529 \subsubsection{Homotopy colimits}
   530 \nn{Motivation: How can we extend an $n$-category from balls to arbitrary manifolds?}
   530 \nn{Motivation: How can we extend an $n$-category from balls to arbitrary manifolds?}
   531 \todo{Mention that the axioms for $n$-categories can be stated in terms of decompositions of balls?}
   531 \nn{Mention that the axioms for $n$-categories can be stated in terms of decompositions of balls?}
   532 \nn{Explain codimension colimits here too}
   532 \nn{Explain codimension colimits here too}
   533 
   533 
   534 We can now give a straightforward but rather abstract definition of the blob complex of an $n$-manifold $W$
   534 We can now give a straightforward but rather abstract definition of the blob complex of an $n$-manifold $W$
   535 with coefficients in the $n$-category $\cC$ as the homotopy colimit along $\cell(W)$
   535 with coefficients in the $n$-category $\cC$ as the homotopy colimit along $\cell(W)$
   536 of the functor $\psi_{\cC; W}$ described above. We write this as $\clh{\cC}(W)$.
   536 of the functor $\psi_{\cC; W}$ described above. We write this as $\clh{\cC}(W)$.
   537 
   537 
   538 An explicit realization of the homotopy colimit is provided by the simplices of the functor $\psi_{\cC; W}$. That is, $$\clh{\cC}(W) = \DirectSum_{\bar{x}} \psi_{\cC; W}(x_0)[m],$$ where $\bar{x} = x_0 \leq \cdots \leq x_m$ is a simplex in $\cell(W)$. The differential acts on $(\bar{x},a)$ (here $a \in \psi_{\cC; W}(x_0)$) as
   538 An explicit realization of the homotopy colimit is provided by the simplices of the functor $\psi_{\cC; W}$. That is, $$\clh{\cC}(W) = \DirectSum_{\bar{x}} \psi_{\cC; W}(x_0)[m],$$ where $\bar{x} = x_0 \leq \cdots \leq x_m$ is a simplex in $\cell(W)$. The differential acts on $(\bar{x},a)$ (here $a \in \psi_{\cC; W}(x_0)$) as
   539 $$\bdy (\bar{x},a) = (\bar{x}, \bdy a) + (-1)^{\deg a} \left( (d_0 \bar{x}, g(a)) + \sum_{i=1}^m (-1)^i (d_i \bar{x}, a) \right)$$
   539 $$\bdy (\bar{x},a) = (\bar{x}, \bdy a) + (-1)^{\deg a} \left( (d_0 \bar{x}, g(a)) + \sum_{i=1}^m (-1)^i (d_i \bar{x}, a) \right)$$
   540 where $g$ is the gluing map from $x_0$ to $x_1$, and $d_i \bar{x}$ denotes the $i$-th face of the simplex $\bar{x}$.
   540 where $g$ is the gluing map from $x_0$ to $x_1$, and $d_i \bar{x}$ denotes the $i$-th face of the simplex $\bar{x}$.
   541 
   541 
   542 Alternatively, we can take advantage of the product structure on $\cell(W)$ to realize the homotopy colimit via the cone-product polyhedra in $\cell(W)$. A cone-product polyhedra is obtained from a point by successively taking the cone or taking the product with another cone-product polyhedron. Just as simplices correspond to linear directed graphs, cone-product polyheda correspond to directed trees: taking cone adds a new root before the existing root, and taking product identifies the roots of several trees. The `local homotopy colimit' is then defined according to the same formula as above, but with $x$ a cone-product polyhedron in $\cell(W)$.
   542 Alternatively, we can take advantage of the product structure on $\cell(W)$ to realize the homotopy colimit via the cone-product polyhedra in $\cell(W)$. A cone-product polyhedra is obtained from a point by successively taking the cone or taking the product with another cone-product polyhedron. Just as simplices correspond to linear directed graphs, cone-product polyheda correspond to directed trees: taking cone adds a new root before the existing root, and taking product identifies the roots of several trees. The `local homotopy colimit' is then defined according to the same formula as above, but with $\bar{x}$ a cone-product polyhedron in $\cell(W)$. The differential acts on $(\bar{x},a)$ both on $a$ and on $\bar{x}$, applying the appropriate gluing map to $a$ when required.
   543 A Eilenberg-Zilber subdivision argument shows this is the same as the usual realization.
   543 A Eilenberg-Zilber subdivision argument shows this is the same as the usual realization.
   544 
   544 
   545 %When $\cC$ is a topological $n$-category,
   545 %When $\cC$ is a topological $n$-category,
   546 %the flexibility available in the construction of a homotopy colimit allows
   546 %the flexibility available in the construction of a homotopy colimit allows
   547 %us to give a much more explicit description of the blob complex which we'll write as $\bc_*(W; \cC)$.
   547 %us to give a much more explicit description of the blob complex which we'll write as $\bc_*(W; \cC)$.
   659 quasi-isomorphic to the Hochschild complex.
   659 quasi-isomorphic to the Hochschild complex.
   660 \begin{equation*}
   660 \begin{equation*}
   661 \xymatrix{\bc_*(S^1;\cC) \ar[r]^(0.47){\iso}_(0.47){\text{qi}} & \HC_*(\cC).}
   661 \xymatrix{\bc_*(S^1;\cC) \ar[r]^(0.47){\iso}_(0.47){\text{qi}} & \HC_*(\cC).}
   662 \end{equation*}
   662 \end{equation*}
   663 \end{thm}
   663 \end{thm}
   664 
   664 This theorem is established by extending the statement to bimodules as well as categories, then verifying that the universal properties of Hochschild homology also hold for $\bc_*(S^1; -)$.
   665 Theorem \ref{thm:skein-modules} is immediate from the definition, and
       
   666 Theorem \ref{thm:hochschild} is established by extending the statement to bimodules as well as categories, then verifying that the universal properties of Hochschild homology also hold for $\bc_*(S^1; -)$.
       
   667 
       
   668 
   665 
   669 \begin{thm}[Mapping spaces]
   666 \begin{thm}[Mapping spaces]
   670 \label{thm:map-recon}
   667 \label{thm:map-recon}
   671 Let $\pi^\infty_{\le n}(T)$ denote the $A_\infty$ $n$-category based on maps 
   668 Let $\pi^\infty_{\le n}(T)$ denote the $A_\infty$ $n$-category based on maps 
   672 $B^n \to T$.
   669 $B^n \to T$.
   674 Then 
   671 Then 
   675 $$\bc_*(X; \pi^\infty_{\le n}(T)) \simeq \CM{X}{T}.$$
   672 $$\bc_*(X; \pi^\infty_{\le n}(T)) \simeq \CM{X}{T}.$$
   676 \end{thm}
   673 \end{thm}
   677 
   674 
   678 This says that we can recover (up to homotopy) the space of maps to $T$ via blob homology from local data. 
   675 This says that we can recover (up to homotopy) the space of maps to $T$ via blob homology from local data. 
   679 Note that there is no restriction on the connectivity of $T$ as there is for the corresponding result in topological chiral homology \cite[Theorem 3.8.6]{0911.0018}.
   676 Note that there is no restriction on the connectivity of $T$ as there is for the corresponding result in topological chiral homology \cite[Theorem 3.8.6]{0911.0018}. The result was proved in \cite[\S 7.3]{1009.5025}.
   680 \todo{sketch proof}
       
   681 
       
   682 
   677 
   683 \subsection{Structure of the blob complex}
   678 \subsection{Structure of the blob complex}
   684 \label{sec:structure}
   679 \label{sec:structure}
   685 
   680 
   686 In the following $\CH{X} = C_*(\Homeo(X))$ is the singular chain complex of the space of homeomorphisms of $X$, fixed on $\bdy X$.
   681 In the following $\CH{X} = C_*(\Homeo(X))$ is the singular chain complex of the space of homeomorphisms of $X$, fixed on $\bdy X$.
   865 
   860 
   866 Consider the special case where $n=1$ and all of the $M_i$'s and $N_i$'s are 1-balls.
   861 Consider the special case where $n=1$ and all of the $M_i$'s and $N_i$'s are 1-balls.
   867 We have that $SC^1_{\overline{M}, \overline{N}}$ is homotopy equivalent to the little
   862 We have that $SC^1_{\overline{M}, \overline{N}}$ is homotopy equivalent to the little
   868 disks operad and $\hom(\bc_*(M_i), \bc_*(N_i))$ is homotopy equivalent to Hochschild cochains.
   863 disks operad and $\hom(\bc_*(M_i), \bc_*(N_i))$ is homotopy equivalent to Hochschild cochains.
   869 This special case is just the usual Deligne conjecture
   864 This special case is just the usual Deligne conjecture
   870 (see \cite{hep-th/9403055, MR1805894, MR2064592, MR1805923} 
   865 (see \cite{hep-th/9403055, MR1328534, MR1805894, MR1805923, MR2064592}).
   871 \nn{should check that this is the optimal list of references; what about Gerstenhaber-Voronov?;
       
   872 if we revise this list, should propagate change back to main paper}
       
   873 ).
       
   874 
   866 
   875 The general case when $n=1$ goes beyond the original Deligne conjecture, as the $M_i$'s and $N_i$'s
   867 The general case when $n=1$ goes beyond the original Deligne conjecture, as the $M_i$'s and $N_i$'s
   876 could be disjoint unions of 1-balls and circles, and the surgery cylinders could be high genus surfaces.
   868 could be disjoint unions of 1-balls and circles, and the surgery cylinders could be high genus surfaces.
   877 
   869 
   878 If all of the $M_i$'s and $N_i$'s are $n$-balls, then $SC^n_{\overline{M}, \overline{N}}$
   870 If all of the $M_i$'s and $N_i$'s are $n$-balls, then $SC^n_{\overline{M}, \overline{N}}$