text/ncat.tex
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    20 It is easy to show that examples of topological origin
    20 It is easy to show that examples of topological origin
    21 (e.g.\ categories whose morphisms are maps into spaces or decorated balls), 
    21 (e.g.\ categories whose morphisms are maps into spaces or decorated balls), 
    22 satisfy our axioms.
    22 satisfy our axioms.
    23 For examples of a more purely algebraic origin, one would typically need the combinatorial
    23 For examples of a more purely algebraic origin, one would typically need the combinatorial
    24 results that we have avoided here.
    24 results that we have avoided here.
       
    25 
       
    26 See \S\ref{n-cat-names} for a discussion of $n$-category terminology.
    25 
    27 
    26 %\nn{Say something explicit about Lurie's work here? 
    28 %\nn{Say something explicit about Lurie's work here? 
    27 %It seems like this was something that Dan Freed wanted explaining when we talked to him in Aspen}
    29 %It seems like this was something that Dan Freed wanted explaining when we talked to him in Aspen}
    28 
    30 
    29 \medskip
    31 \medskip
   376 \end{tikzpicture}
   378 \end{tikzpicture}
   377 $$
   379 $$
   378 \caption{Examples of pinched products}\label{pinched_prods}
   380 \caption{Examples of pinched products}\label{pinched_prods}
   379 \end{figure}
   381 \end{figure}
   380 (The need for a strengthened version will become apparent in Appendix \ref{sec:comparing-defs}
   382 (The need for a strengthened version will become apparent in Appendix \ref{sec:comparing-defs}
   381 where we construct a traditional category from a topological category.)
   383 where we construct a traditional category from a disk-like category.)
   382 Define a {\it pinched product} to be a map
   384 Define a {\it pinched product} to be a map
   383 \[
   385 \[
   384 	\pi: E\to X
   386 	\pi: E\to X
   385 \]
   387 \]
   386 such that $E$ is a $k{+}m$-ball, $X$ is a $k$-ball ($m\ge 1$), and $\pi$ is locally modeled
   388 such that $E$ is a $k{+}m$-ball, $X$ is a $k$-ball ($m\ge 1$), and $\pi$ is locally modeled
   666 balls and, at level $n$, quotienting out by the local relations:
   668 balls and, at level $n$, quotienting out by the local relations:
   667 \begin{align*}
   669 \begin{align*}
   668 \cC_{\cF,U}(B^k) & = \begin{cases}\cF(B) & \text{when $k<n$,} \\ \cF(B) / U(B) & \text{when $k=n$.}\end{cases}
   670 \cC_{\cF,U}(B^k) & = \begin{cases}\cF(B) & \text{when $k<n$,} \\ \cF(B) / U(B) & \text{when $k=n$.}\end{cases}
   669 \end{align*}
   671 \end{align*}
   670 This $n$-category can be thought of as the local part of the fields.
   672 This $n$-category can be thought of as the local part of the fields.
   671 Conversely, given a topological $n$-category we can construct a system of fields via 
   673 Conversely, given a disk-like $n$-category we can construct a system of fields via 
   672 a colimit construction; see \S \ref{ss:ncat_fields} below.
   674 a colimit construction; see \S \ref{ss:ncat_fields} below.
   673 
   675 
   674 In the $n$-category axioms above we have intermingled data and properties for expository reasons.
   676 In the $n$-category axioms above we have intermingled data and properties for expository reasons.
   675 Here's a summary of the definition which segregates the data from the properties.
   677 Here's a summary of the definition which segregates the data from the properties.
   676 
   678 
   853 define $\cC(X; c) = \bc^\cE_*(X\times F; c)$
   855 define $\cC(X; c) = \bc^\cE_*(X\times F; c)$
   854 where $\bc^\cE_*$ denotes the blob complex based on $\cE$.
   856 where $\bc^\cE_*$ denotes the blob complex based on $\cE$.
   855 \end{example}
   857 \end{example}
   856 
   858 
   857 This example will be used in Theorem \ref{thm:product} below, which allows us to compute the blob complex of a product.
   859 This example will be used in Theorem \ref{thm:product} below, which allows us to compute the blob complex of a product.
   858 Notice that with $F$ a point, the above example is a construction turning a topological 
   860 Notice that with $F$ a point, the above example is a construction turning an ordinary 
   859 $n$-category $\cC$ into an $A_\infty$ $n$-category.
   861 $n$-category $\cC$ into an $A_\infty$ $n$-category.
   860 We think of this as providing a ``free resolution" 
   862 We think of this as providing a ``free resolution" 
   861 of the topological $n$-category. 
   863 of the ordinary $n$-category. 
   862 %\nn{say something about cofibrant replacements?}
   864 %\nn{say something about cofibrant replacements?}
   863 In fact, there is also a trivial, but mostly uninteresting, way to do this: 
   865 In fact, there is also a trivial, but mostly uninteresting, way to do this: 
   864 we can think of each vector space associated to an $n$-ball as a chain complex concentrated in degree $0$, 
   866 we can think of each vector space associated to an $n$-ball as a chain complex concentrated in degree $0$, 
   865 and take $\CD{B}$ to act trivially. 
   867 and take $\CD{B}$ to act trivially. 
   866 
   868 
   867 Beware that the ``free resolution" of the topological $n$-category $\pi_{\leq n}(T)$ 
   869 Beware that the ``free resolution" of the ordinary $n$-category $\pi_{\leq n}(T)$ 
   868 is not the $A_\infty$ $n$-category $\pi^\infty_{\leq n}(T)$.
   870 is not the $A_\infty$ $n$-category $\pi^\infty_{\leq n}(T)$.
   869 It's easy to see that with $n=0$, the corresponding system of fields is just 
   871 It's easy to see that with $n=0$, the corresponding system of fields is just 
   870 linear combinations of connected components of $T$, and the local relations are trivial.
   872 linear combinations of connected components of $T$, and the local relations are trivial.
   871 There's no way for the blob complex to magically recover all the data of $\pi^\infty_{\leq 0}(T) \iso C_* T$.
   873 There's no way for the blob complex to magically recover all the data of $\pi^\infty_{\leq 0}(T) \iso C_* T$.
   872 
   874 
   925 The remaining data for the $A_\infty$ $n$-category 
   927 The remaining data for the $A_\infty$ $n$-category 
   926 --- composition and $\Diff(X\to X')$ action ---
   928 --- composition and $\Diff(X\to X')$ action ---
   927 also comes from the $\cE\cB_n$ action on $A$.
   929 also comes from the $\cE\cB_n$ action on $A$.
   928 %\nn{should we spell this out?}
   930 %\nn{should we spell this out?}
   929 
   931 
   930 Conversely, one can show that a topological $A_\infty$ $n$-category $\cC$, where the $k$-morphisms
   932 Conversely, one can show that a disk-like $A_\infty$ $n$-category $\cC$, where the $k$-morphisms
   931 $\cC(X)$ are trivial (single point) for $k<n$, gives rise to 
   933 $\cC(X)$ are trivial (single point) for $k<n$, gives rise to 
   932 an $\cE\cB_n$-algebra.
   934 an $\cE\cB_n$-algebra.
   933 %\nn{The paper is already long; is it worth giving details here?}
   935 %\nn{The paper is already long; is it worth giving details here?}
   934 
   936 
   935 If we apply the homotopy colimit construction of the next subsection to this example, 
   937 If we apply the homotopy colimit construction of the next subsection to this example, 
  1193 in the context of an $m{+}1$-dimensional TQFT.
  1195 in the context of an $m{+}1$-dimensional TQFT.
  1194 Such a $W$ gives rise to a module for the $n$-category associated to $\bd W$.
  1196 Such a $W$ gives rise to a module for the $n$-category associated to $\bd W$.
  1195 This will be explained in more detail as we present the axioms.
  1197 This will be explained in more detail as we present the axioms.
  1196 
  1198 
  1197 Throughout, we fix an $n$-category $\cC$.
  1199 Throughout, we fix an $n$-category $\cC$.
  1198 For all but one axiom, it doesn't matter whether $\cC$ is a topological $n$-category or an $A_\infty$ $n$-category.
  1200 For all but one axiom, it doesn't matter whether $\cC$ is an ordinary $n$-category or an $A_\infty$ $n$-category.
  1199 We state the final axiom, regarding actions of homeomorphisms, differently in the two cases.
  1201 We state the final axiom, regarding actions of homeomorphisms, differently in the two cases.
  1200 
  1202 
  1201 Define a {\it marked $k$-ball} to be a pair $(B, N)$ homeomorphic to the pair
  1203 Define a {\it marked $k$-ball} to be a pair $(B, N)$ homeomorphic to the pair
  1202 $$(\text{standard $k$-ball}, \text{northern hemisphere in boundary of standard $k$-ball}).$$
  1204 $$(\text{standard $k$-ball}, \text{northern hemisphere in boundary of standard $k$-ball}).$$
  1203 We call $B$ the ball and $N$ the marking.
  1205 We call $B$ the ball and $N$ the marking.
  1507 In all other cases ($k>1$ or unoriented or $\text{Pin}_\pm$),
  1509 In all other cases ($k>1$ or unoriented or $\text{Pin}_\pm$),
  1508 there is no left/right module distinction.
  1510 there is no left/right module distinction.
  1509 
  1511 
  1510 \medskip
  1512 \medskip
  1511 
  1513 
  1512 We now give some examples of modules over topological and $A_\infty$ $n$-categories.
  1514 We now give some examples of modules over ordinary and $A_\infty$ $n$-categories.
  1513 
  1515 
  1514 \begin{example}[Examples from TQFTs]
  1516 \begin{example}[Examples from TQFTs]
  1515 \rm
  1517 \rm
  1516 Continuing Example \ref{ex:ncats-from-tqfts}, with $\cF$ a TQFT, $W$ an $n{-}j$-manifold,
  1518 Continuing Example \ref{ex:ncats-from-tqfts}, with $\cF$ a TQFT, $W$ an $n{-}j$-manifold,
  1517 and $\cF(W)$ the $j$-category associated to $W$.
  1519 and $\cF(W)$ the $j$-category associated to $W$.
  1550 
  1552 
  1551 
  1553 
  1552 \subsection{Modules as boundary labels (colimits for decorated manifolds)}
  1554 \subsection{Modules as boundary labels (colimits for decorated manifolds)}
  1553 \label{moddecss}
  1555 \label{moddecss}
  1554 
  1556 
  1555 Fix a topological $n$-category or $A_\infty$ $n$-category  $\cC$.
  1557 Fix an ordinary $n$-category or $A_\infty$ $n$-category  $\cC$.
  1556 Let $W$ be a $k$-manifold ($k\le n$),
  1558 Let $W$ be a $k$-manifold ($k\le n$),
  1557 let $\{Y_i\}$ be a collection of disjoint codimension 0 submanifolds of $\bd W$,
  1559 let $\{Y_i\}$ be a collection of disjoint codimension 0 submanifolds of $\bd W$,
  1558 and let $\cN = (\cN_i)$ be an assignment of a $\cC$ module $\cN_i$ to $Y_i$.
  1560 and let $\cN = (\cN_i)$ be an assignment of a $\cC$ module $\cN_i$ to $Y_i$.
  1559 
  1561 
  1560 We will define a set $\cC(W, \cN)$ using a colimit construction very similar to 
  1562 We will define a set $\cC(W, \cN)$ using a colimit construction very similar to 
  1718 this is much less true for higher dimensional spheres, 
  1720 this is much less true for higher dimensional spheres, 
  1719 so we prefer the term ``sphere module" for the general case.
  1721 so we prefer the term ``sphere module" for the general case.
  1720 
  1722 
  1721 %The results of this subsection are not needed for the rest of the paper,
  1723 %The results of this subsection are not needed for the rest of the paper,
  1722 %so we will skimp on details in a couple of places. We have included this mostly 
  1724 %so we will skimp on details in a couple of places. We have included this mostly 
  1723 %for the sake of comparing our notion of a topological $n$-category to other definitions.
  1725 %for the sake of comparing our notion of a disk-like $n$-category to other definitions.
  1724 
  1726 
  1725 For simplicity, we will assume that $n$-categories are enriched over $\c$-vector spaces.
  1727 For simplicity, we will assume that $n$-categories are enriched over $\c$-vector spaces.
  1726 
  1728 
  1727 The $0$- through $n$-dimensional parts of $\cS$ are various sorts of modules, and we describe
  1729 The $0$- through $n$-dimensional parts of $\cS$ are various sorts of modules, and we describe
  1728 these first.
  1730 these first.