text/intro.tex
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    66 We call these ``disk-like $n$-categories'', to differentiate them from previous versions.
    66 We call these ``disk-like $n$-categories'', to differentiate them from previous versions.
    67 Moreover, we find that we need analogous $A_\infty$ $n$-categories, and we define these as well following very similar axioms.
    67 Moreover, we find that we need analogous $A_\infty$ $n$-categories, and we define these as well following very similar axioms.
    68 (See \S \ref{n-cat-names} below for a discussion of $n$-category terminology.)
    68 (See \S \ref{n-cat-names} below for a discussion of $n$-category terminology.)
    69 
    69 
    70 The basic idea is that each potential definition of an $n$-category makes a choice about the ``shape" of morphisms.
    70 The basic idea is that each potential definition of an $n$-category makes a choice about the ``shape" of morphisms.
    71 We try to be as lax as possible: a disk-like $n$-category associates a vector space to every $B$ homeomorphic to the $n$-ball.
    71 We try to be as lax as possible: a disk-like $n$-category associates a 
       
    72 vector space to every $B$ homeomorphic to the $n$-ball.
    72 These vector spaces glue together associatively, and we require that there is an action of the homeomorphism groupoid.
    73 These vector spaces glue together associatively, and we require that there is an action of the homeomorphism groupoid.
    73 For an $A_\infty$ $n$-category, we associate a chain complex instead of a vector space to each such $B$ and ask that the action of 
    74 For an $A_\infty$ $n$-category, we associate a chain complex instead of a vector space to 
       
    75 each such $B$ and ask that the action of 
    74 homeomorphisms extends to a suitably defined action of the complex of singular chains of homeomorphisms.
    76 homeomorphisms extends to a suitably defined action of the complex of singular chains of homeomorphisms.
    75 The axioms for an $A_\infty$ $n$-category are designed to capture two main examples: the blob complexes of $n$-balls labelled by a 
    77 The axioms for an $A_\infty$ $n$-category are designed to capture two main examples: 
       
    78 the blob complexes of $n$-balls labelled by a 
    76 disk-like $n$-category, and the complex $\CM{-}{T}$ of maps to a fixed target space $T$.
    79 disk-like $n$-category, and the complex $\CM{-}{T}$ of maps to a fixed target space $T$.
    77 
    80 
    78 In \S \ref{ssec:spherecat} we explain how $n$-categories can be viewed as objects in an $n{+}1$-category 
    81 In \S \ref{ssec:spherecat} we explain how $n$-categories can be viewed as objects in an $n{+}1$-category 
    79 of sphere modules.
    82 of sphere modules.
    80 When $n=1$ this just the familiar 2-category of 1-categories, bimodules and intertwinors.
    83 When $n=1$ this just the familiar 2-category of 1-categories, bimodules and intertwinors.
   148 The appendices prove technical results about $\CH{M}$ and
   151 The appendices prove technical results about $\CH{M}$ and
   149 make connections between our definitions of $n$-categories and familiar definitions for $n=1$ and $n=2$, 
   152 make connections between our definitions of $n$-categories and familiar definitions for $n=1$ and $n=2$, 
   150 as well as relating the $n=1$ case of our $A_\infty$ $n$-categories with usual $A_\infty$ algebras. 
   153 as well as relating the $n=1$ case of our $A_\infty$ $n$-categories with usual $A_\infty$ algebras. 
   151 %Appendix \ref{sec:comm_alg} describes the blob complex when $\cC$ is a commutative algebra, 
   154 %Appendix \ref{sec:comm_alg} describes the blob complex when $\cC$ is a commutative algebra, 
   152 %thought of as a disk-like $n$-category, in terms of the topology of $M$.
   155 %thought of as a disk-like $n$-category, in terms of the topology of $M$.
   153 
       
   154 %%%% this is said later in the intro
       
   155 %Throughout the paper we typically prefer concrete categories (vector spaces, chain complexes)
       
   156 %even when we could work in greater generality (symmetric monoidal categories, model categories, etc.).
       
   157 
       
   158 %\item ? one of the points we make (far) below is that there is not really much
       
   159 %difference between (a) systems of fields and local relations and (b) $n$-cats;
       
   160 %thus we tend to switch between talking in terms of one or the other
       
   161 
   156 
   162 
   157 
   163 
   158 
   164 \subsection{Motivations}
   159 \subsection{Motivations}
   165 \label{sec:motivations}
   160 \label{sec:motivations}
   257 If an $n$-manifold $X$ contains $Y \sqcup Y^\text{op}$ as a codimension $0$ submanifold of its boundary, 
   252 If an $n$-manifold $X$ contains $Y \sqcup Y^\text{op}$ as a codimension $0$ submanifold of its boundary, 
   258 write $X_\text{gl} = X \bigcup_{Y}\selfarrow$ for the manifold obtained by gluing together $Y$ and $Y^\text{op}$.
   253 write $X_\text{gl} = X \bigcup_{Y}\selfarrow$ for the manifold obtained by gluing together $Y$ and $Y^\text{op}$.
   259 Note that this includes the case of gluing two disjoint manifolds together.
   254 Note that this includes the case of gluing two disjoint manifolds together.
   260 \begin{property}[Gluing map]
   255 \begin{property}[Gluing map]
   261 \label{property:gluing-map}%
   256 \label{property:gluing-map}%
   262 %If $X_1$ and $X_2$ are $n$-manifolds, with $Y$ a codimension $0$-submanifold of $\bdy X_1$, and $Y^{\text{op}}$ a codimension $0$-submanifold of $\bdy X_2$, there is a chain map
       
   263 %\begin{equation*}
       
   264 %\gl_Y: \bc_*(X_1) \tensor \bc_*(X_2) \to \bc_*(X_1 \cup_Y X_2).
       
   265 %\end{equation*}
       
   266 Given a gluing $X \to X_\mathrm{gl}$, there is
   257 Given a gluing $X \to X_\mathrm{gl}$, there is
   267 a natural map
   258 a natural map
   268 \[
   259 \[
   269 	\bc_*(X) \to \bc_*(X_\mathrm{gl}) 
   260 	\bc_*(X) \to \bc_*(X_\mathrm{gl}) 
   270 \]
   261 \]
   370 Since the blob complex is functorial in the manifold $X$, this is equivalent to having chain maps
   361 Since the blob complex is functorial in the manifold $X$, this is equivalent to having chain maps
   371 $$ev_{X \to Y} : \CH{X \to Y} \tensor \bc_*(X) \to \bc_*(Y)$$
   362 $$ev_{X \to Y} : \CH{X \to Y} \tensor \bc_*(X) \to \bc_*(Y)$$
   372 for any homeomorphic pair $X$ and $Y$, 
   363 for any homeomorphic pair $X$ and $Y$, 
   373 satisfying corresponding conditions.
   364 satisfying corresponding conditions.
   374 
   365 
   375 In \S \ref{sec:ncats} we introduce the notion of disk-like $n$-categories, from which we can construct systems of fields.
   366 In \S \ref{sec:ncats} we introduce the notion of disk-like $n$-categories, 
   376 Below, when we talk about the blob complex for a disk-like $n$-category, we are implicitly passing first to this associated system of fields.
   367 from which we can construct systems of fields.
   377 Further, in \S \ref{sec:ncats} we also have the notion of an $A_\infty$ $n$-category. In that section we describe how to use the blob complex to construct $A_\infty$ $n$-categories from ordinary $n$-categories:
   368 Below, when we talk about the blob complex for a disk-like $n$-category, 
       
   369 we are implicitly passing first to this associated system of fields.
       
   370 Further, in \S \ref{sec:ncats} we also have the notion of an $A_\infty$ $n$-category. 
       
   371 In that section we describe how to use the blob complex to 
       
   372 construct $A_\infty$ $n$-categories from ordinary $n$-categories:
   378 
   373 
   379 \newtheorem*{ex:blob-complexes-of-balls}{Example \ref{ex:blob-complexes-of-balls}}
   374 \newtheorem*{ex:blob-complexes-of-balls}{Example \ref{ex:blob-complexes-of-balls}}
   380 
   375 
   381 \begin{ex:blob-complexes-of-balls}[Blob complexes of products with balls form an $A_\infty$ $n$-category]
   376 \begin{ex:blob-complexes-of-balls}[Blob complexes of products with balls form an $A_\infty$ $n$-category]
   382 %\label{thm:blobs-ainfty}
   377 %\label{thm:blobs-ainfty}
   388 (When $m=k$ the subsets with fixed boundary conditions form a chain complex.) 
   383 (When $m=k$ the subsets with fixed boundary conditions form a chain complex.) 
   389 These sets have the structure of an $A_\infty$ $k$-category, with compositions coming from the gluing map in 
   384 These sets have the structure of an $A_\infty$ $k$-category, with compositions coming from the gluing map in 
   390 Property \ref{property:gluing-map} and with the action of families of homeomorphisms given in Theorem \ref{thm:evaluation}.
   385 Property \ref{property:gluing-map} and with the action of families of homeomorphisms given in Theorem \ref{thm:evaluation}.
   391 \end{ex:blob-complexes-of-balls}
   386 \end{ex:blob-complexes-of-balls}
   392 \begin{rem}
   387 \begin{rem}
   393 Perhaps the most interesting case is when $Y$ is just a point; then we have a way of building an $A_\infty$ $n$-category from an ordinary $n$-category.
   388 Perhaps the most interesting case is when $Y$ is just a point; 
       
   389 then we have a way of building an $A_\infty$ $n$-category from an ordinary $n$-category.
   394 We think of this $A_\infty$ $n$-category as a free resolution.
   390 We think of this $A_\infty$ $n$-category as a free resolution.
   395 \end{rem}
   391 \end{rem}
   396 
   392 
   397 There is a version of the blob complex for $\cC$ an $A_\infty$ $n$-category
   393 There is a version of the blob complex for $\cC$ an $A_\infty$ $n$-category
   398 instead of an ordinary $n$-category; this is described in \S \ref{sec:ainfblob}.
   394 instead of an ordinary $n$-category; this is described in \S \ref{sec:ainfblob}.
   399 The definition is in fact simpler, almost tautological, and we use a different notation, $\cl{\cC}(M)$. The next theorem describes the blob complex for product manifolds, in terms of the $A_\infty$ blob complex of the $A_\infty$ $n$-categories constructed as in the previous example.
   395 The definition is in fact simpler, almost tautological, and we use a different notation, $\cl{\cC}(M)$. 
       
   396 The next theorem describes the blob complex for product manifolds, 
       
   397 in terms of the $A_\infty$ blob complex of the $A_\infty$ $n$-categories constructed as in the previous example.
   400 %The notation is intended to reflect the close parallel with the definition of the TQFT skein module via a colimit.
   398 %The notation is intended to reflect the close parallel with the definition of the TQFT skein module via a colimit.
   401 
   399 
   402 \newtheorem*{thm:product}{Theorem \ref{thm:product}}
   400 \newtheorem*{thm:product}{Theorem \ref{thm:product}}
   403 
   401 
   404 \begin{thm:product}[Product formula]
   402 \begin{thm:product}[Product formula]
   405 Let $W$ be a $k$-manifold and $Y$ be an $n-k$ manifold.
   403 Let $W$ be a $k$-manifold and $Y$ be an $n-k$ manifold.
   406 Let $\cC$ be an $n$-category.
   404 Let $\cC$ be an $n$-category.
   407 Let $\bc_*(Y;\cC)$ be the $A_\infty$ $k$-category associated to $Y$ via blob homology (see Example \ref{ex:blob-complexes-of-balls}).
   405 Let $\bc_*(Y;\cC)$ be the $A_\infty$ $k$-category associated to $Y$ via blob homology 
       
   406 (see Example \ref{ex:blob-complexes-of-balls}).
   408 Then
   407 Then
   409 \[
   408 \[
   410 	\bc_*(Y\times W; \cC) \simeq \cl{\bc_*(Y;\cC)}(W).
   409 	\bc_*(Y\times W; \cC) \simeq \cl{\bc_*(Y;\cC)}(W).
   411 \]
   410 \]
   412 \end{thm:product}
   411 \end{thm:product}
   530 rotating $k$-morphisms correspond to all the ways of rotating $k$-balls.
   529 rotating $k$-morphisms correspond to all the ways of rotating $k$-balls.
   531 We sometimes refer to this as ``strong duality", and sometimes we consider it to be implied
   530 We sometimes refer to this as ``strong duality", and sometimes we consider it to be implied
   532 by ``disk-like".
   531 by ``disk-like".
   533 (But beware: disks can come in various flavors, and some of them, such as framed disks,
   532 (But beware: disks can come in various flavors, and some of them, such as framed disks,
   534 don't actually imply much duality.)
   533 don't actually imply much duality.)
   535 Another possibility considered here was ``pivotal $n$-category", but we prefer to preserve pivotal for its usual sense. It will thus be a theorem that our disk-like 2-categories are equivalent to pivotal 2-categories, c.f. \S \ref{ssec:2-cats}.
   534 Another possibility considered here was ``pivotal $n$-category", but we prefer to preserve pivotal for its usual sense. 
       
   535 It will thus be a theorem that our disk-like 2-categories 
       
   536 are equivalent to pivotal 2-categories, c.f. \S \ref{ssec:2-cats}.
   536 
   537 
   537 Finally, we need a general name for isomorphisms between balls, where the balls could be
   538 Finally, we need a general name for isomorphisms between balls, where the balls could be
   538 piecewise linear or smooth or topological or Spin or framed or etc., or some combination thereof.
   539 piecewise linear or smooth or topological or Spin or framed or etc., or some combination thereof.
   539 We have chosen to use ``homeomorphism" for the appropriate sort of isomorphism, so the reader should
   540 We have chosen to use ``homeomorphism" for the appropriate sort of isomorphism, so the reader should
   540 keep in mind that ``homeomorphism" could mean PL homeomorphism or diffeomorphism (and so on)
   541 keep in mind that ``homeomorphism" could mean PL homeomorphism or diffeomorphism (and so on)
   564 Alan Wilder,
   565 Alan Wilder,
   565 Dmitri Pavlov,
   566 Dmitri Pavlov,
   566 Ansgar Schneider,
   567 Ansgar Schneider,
   567 and
   568 and
   568 Dan Berwick-Evans.
   569 Dan Berwick-Evans.
   569 \nn{need to double-check this list once the reading course is over}
   570 During this work, Kevin Walker has been at Microsoft Station Q, and Scott Morrison has been at 
   570 During this work, Kevin Walker has been at Microsoft Station Q, and Scott Morrison has been at Microsoft Station Q and the Miller Institute for Basic Research at UC Berkeley. We'd like to thank the Aspen Center for Physics for the pleasant and productive 
   571 Microsoft Station Q and the Miller Institute for Basic Research at UC Berkeley. 
       
   572 We'd like to thank the Aspen Center for Physics for the pleasant and productive 
   571 environment provided there during the final preparation of this manuscript.
   573 environment provided there during the final preparation of this manuscript.
   572 
   574