# HG changeset patch # User scott@6e1638ff-ae45-0410-89bd-df963105f760 # Date 1257107381 0 # Node ID 75f5c197a0d4908825f25f880446c74146c9bdf0 # Parent 5234b732904289645e48f6cedf0c78b628575e25 ... diff -r 5234b7329042 -r 75f5c197a0d4 blob1.tex --- a/blob1.tex Sun Nov 01 20:29:33 2009 +0000 +++ b/blob1.tex Sun Nov 01 20:29:41 2009 +0000 @@ -36,14 +36,9 @@ \begin{itemize} \item Some sections are missing. \item Many sections are incomplete. -In some cases the incompleteness is noted, in some cases not. -\item Some sections have been rewritten, but the older, obsolete version of -the section has not been deleted yet. +In most cases the incompleteness is noted, but occasionally it isn't. \item Some sections were written nearly two years ago, and are now outdated. -\item Some sections have not been proof-read. \item There are not yet enough citations to similar work of other people. -\item Due to multiple authors and multiple, disconnected episodes of writing, -the various parts do not cohere as well as they should. \end{itemize} Despite all this, there's probably enough decipherable material here to interest the motivated reader. diff -r 5234b7329042 -r 75f5c197a0d4 preamble.tex --- a/preamble.tex Sun Nov 01 20:29:33 2009 +0000 +++ b/preamble.tex Sun Nov 01 20:29:41 2009 +0000 @@ -51,6 +51,7 @@ \newcommand{\doi}[1]{\href{http://dx.doi.org/#1}{{\tt DOI:#1}}} \newcommand{\euclid}[1]{\href{http://projecteuclid.org/euclid.cmp/#1}{{\tt at Project Euclid: #1}}} \newcommand{\mathscinet}[1]{\href{http://www.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=#1}{\tt #1}} +\newcommand{\googlebooks}[1]{(preview at \href{http://books.google.com/books?id=#1}{google books})} % THEOREMS ------------------------------------------------------- @@ -179,6 +180,7 @@ \newcommand{\CM}[2]{C_*(\Maps(#1 \to #2))} \newcommand{\CD}[1]{C_*(\Diff(#1))} +\newcommand{\CH}[1]{C_*(\Homeo(#1))} \newcommand{\directSumStack}[2]{{\begin{matrix}#1 \\ \DirectSum \\#2\end{matrix}}} \newcommand{\directSumStackThree}[3]{{\begin{matrix}#1 \\ \DirectSum \\#2 \\ \DirectSum \\#3\end{matrix}}} diff -r 5234b7329042 -r 75f5c197a0d4 text/comm_alg.tex --- a/text/comm_alg.tex Sun Nov 01 20:29:33 2009 +0000 +++ b/text/comm_alg.tex Sun Nov 01 20:29:41 2009 +0000 @@ -112,8 +112,8 @@ \nn{probably should put a more precise statement about cyclic homology and $S^1$ actions in the Hochschild section} Let us check this directly. -According to \nn{Loday, 3.2.2}, $HH_i(k[t]) \cong k[t]$ for $i=0,1$ and is zero for $i\ge 2$. -\nn{say something about $t$-degree? is this in [Loday]?} +According to \cite[3.2.2]{MR1600246}, $HH_i(k[t]) \cong k[t]$ for $i=0,1$ and is zero for $i\ge 2$. +\nn{say something about $t$-degree? is this in Loday?} We can define a flow on $\Sigma^j(S^1)$ by having the points repel each other. The fixed points of this flow are the equally spaced configurations. @@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ 0, $\z/j \z$ in odd degrees, and 0 in positive even degrees. The point $\Sigma^0(S^1)$ contributes the homology of $BS^1$ which is $\z$ in even degrees and 0 in odd degrees. -This agrees with the calculation in \nn{Loday, 3.1.7}. +This agrees with the calculation in \cite[3.1.7]{MR1600246}. \medskip @@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ $\bc_*(M, k[t_1, \ldots, t_m])$ is homotopy equivalent to $C_*(\Sigma_m^\infty(M), k)$. \end{prop} -According to \nn{Loday, 3.2.2}, +According to \cite[3.2.2]{MR1600246}, \[ HH_n(k[t_1, \ldots, t_m]) \cong \Lambda^n(k^m) \otimes k[t_1, \ldots, t_m] . \] @@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ Still to do: \begin{itemize} -\item compare the topological computation for truncated polynomial algebra with [Loday] +\item compare the topological computation for truncated polynomial algebra with \cite{MR1600246} \item multivariable truncated polynomial algebras (at least mention them) \item ideally, say something more about higher hochschild homology (maybe sketch idea for proof of equivalence) \end{itemize} diff -r 5234b7329042 -r 75f5c197a0d4 text/definitions.tex --- a/text/definitions.tex Sun Nov 01 20:29:33 2009 +0000 +++ b/text/definitions.tex Sun Nov 01 20:29:41 2009 +0000 @@ -27,8 +27,6 @@ is a collection of functors $\cC_k : \cM_k \to \Set$ for $0 \leq k \leq n$ together with some additional data and satisfying some additional conditions, all specified below. -\nn{refer somewhere to my TQFT notes \cite{kw:tqft}} - Before finishing the definition of fields, we give two motivating examples (actually, families of examples) of systems of fields. @@ -390,7 +388,7 @@ \end{itemize} (See Figure \ref{blob1diagram}.) \begin{figure}[!ht]\begin{equation*} -\mathfig{.9}{tempkw/blob1diagram} +\mathfig{.9}{definition/single-blob} \end{equation*}\caption{A 1-blob diagram.}\label{blob1diagram}\end{figure} In order to get the linear structure correct, we (officially) define \[ @@ -423,11 +421,11 @@ \item A pair of closed balls (blobs) $B_0, B_1 \sub X$ with disjoint interiors. \item A field $r \in \cC(X \setmin (B_0 \cup B_1); c_0, c_1)$ (where $c_i \in \cC(\bd B_i)$). -\item Local relation fields $u_i \in U(B_i; c_i)$, $i=1,2$. +\item Local relation fields $u_i \in U(B_i; c_i)$, $i=1,2$. \nn{We're inconsistent with the indexes -- are they 0,1 or 1,2? I'd prefer 1,2.} \end{itemize} (See Figure \ref{blob2ddiagram}.) \begin{figure}[!ht]\begin{equation*} -\mathfig{.9}{tempkw/blob2ddiagram} +\mathfig{.9}{definition/disjoint-blobs} \end{equation*}\caption{A disjoint 2-blob diagram.}\label{blob2ddiagram}\end{figure} We also identify $(B_0, B_1, u_0, u_1, r)$ with $-(B_1, B_0, u_1, u_0, r)$; reversing the order of the blobs changes the sign. @@ -447,7 +445,7 @@ \end{itemize} (See Figure \ref{blob2ndiagram}.) \begin{figure}[!ht]\begin{equation*} -\mathfig{.9}{tempkw/blob2ndiagram} +\mathfig{.9}{definition/nested-blobs} \end{equation*}\caption{A nested 2-blob diagram.}\label{blob2ndiagram}\end{figure} Let $r = r_1 \bullet r'$, where $r_1 \in \cC(B_1 \setmin B_0; c_0, c_1)$ (for some $c_1 \in \cC(B_1)$) and diff -r 5234b7329042 -r 75f5c197a0d4 text/intro.tex --- a/text/intro.tex Sun Nov 01 20:29:33 2009 +0000 +++ b/text/intro.tex Sun Nov 01 20:29:41 2009 +0000 @@ -11,13 +11,11 @@ on the configurations space of unlabeled points in $M$. %$$H_*(\bc_*(M; k[t])) = H^{\text{sing}}_*(\Delta^\infty(M), k).$$ \end{itemize} -The blob complex has good formal properties, summarized in \S \ref{sec:properties}. These include an action of $\CD{M}$, -\nn{maybe replace Diff with Homeo?} -extending the usual $\Diff(M)$ action on the TQFT space $H_0$ (see Property \ref{property:evaluation}) and a gluing formula allowing calculations by cutting manifolds into smaller parts (see Property \ref{property:gluing}). +The blob complex definition is motivated by the desire for a derived analogue of the usual TQFT Hilbert space (replacing quotient of fields by local relations with some sort of resolution), +and for a generalization of Hochschild homology to higher $n$-categories. We would also like to be able to talk about $\CM{M}{T}$ when $T$ is an $n$-category rather than a manifold. The blob complex allows us to do all of these! More detailed motivations are described in \S \ref{sec:motivations}. -The blob complex definition is motivated by the desire for a `derived' analogue of the usual TQFT Hilbert space (replacing quotient of fields by local relations with some sort of `resolution'), -\nn{are the quotes around `derived' and `resolution' necessary?} -and for a generalization of Hochschild homology to higher $n$-categories. We would also like to be able to talk about $\CM{M}{T}$ when $T$ is an $n$-category rather than a manifold. The blob complex allows us to do all of these! More detailed motivations are described in \S \ref{sec:motivations}. +The blob complex has good formal properties, summarized in \S \ref{sec:properties}. These include an action of $\CH{M}$, +extending the usual $\Homeo(M)$ action on the TQFT space $H_0$ (see Property \ref{property:evaluation}) and a gluing formula allowing calculations by cutting manifolds into smaller parts (see Property \ref{property:gluing}). We expect applications of the blob complex to contact topology and Khovanov homology but do not address these in this paper. See \S \ref{sec:future} for slightly more detail. @@ -29,14 +27,14 @@ Nevertheless, when we attempt to establish all of the observed properties of the blob complex, we find this situation unsatisfactory. Thus, in the second part of the paper (section \S \ref{sec:ncats}) we pause and give yet another definition of an $n$-category, or rather a definition of an $n$-category with strong duality. (It's not clear that we could remove the duality conditions from our definition, even if we wanted to.) We call these ``topological $n$-categories'', to differentiate them from previous versions. Moreover, we find that we need analogous $A_\infty$ $n$-categories, and we define these as well following very similar axioms. \nn{Not sure that the next para is appropriate here} -The basic idea is that each potential definition of an $n$-category makes a choice about the `shape' of morphisms. We try to be as lax as possible; a topological $n$-category associates a vector space to every $B$ diffeomorphic to the $n$-ball. This vector spaces glue together associatively. For an $A_\infty$ $n$-category, we instead associate a chain complex to each such $B$. We require that diffeomorphisms (or the complex of singular chains of diffeomorphisms in the $A_\infty$ case) act. The axioms for an $A_\infty$ $n$-category are designed to capture two main examples: the blob complexes of $n$-balls, using a topological $n$-category, and the complex $\CM{-}{X}$ of maps to a fixed target space $X$. +The basic idea is that each potential definition of an $n$-category makes a choice about the `shape' of morphisms. We try to be as lax as possible; a topological $n$-category associates a vector space to every $B$ homeomorphic to the $n$-ball. This vector spaces glue together associatively. For an $A_\infty$ $n$-category, we instead associate a chain complex to each such $B$. We require that homeomorphisms (or the complex of singular chains of homeomorphisms in the $A_\infty$ case) act. The axioms for an $A_\infty$ $n$-category are designed to capture two main examples: the blob complexes of $n$-balls, using a topological $n$-category, and the complex $\CM{-}{X}$ of maps to a fixed target space $X$. \nn{we might want to make our choice of notation here ($B$, $X$) consistent with later sections ($X$, $T$), or vice versa} In \S \ref{sec:ainfblob} we explain how to construct a system of fields from a topological $n$-category, and give an alternative definition of the blob complex for an $n$-manifold and an $A_\infty$ $n$-category. Using these definitions, we show how to use the blob complex to `resolve' any topological $n$-category as an $A_\infty$ $n$-category, and relate the first and second definitions of the blob complex. We use the blob complex for $A_\infty$ $n$-categories to establish important properties of the blob complex (in both variants), in particular the `gluing formula' of Property \ref{property:gluing} below. \nn{KW: the previous two paragraphs seem a little awkward to me, but I don't presently have a good idea for fixing them.} -Finally, later sections address other topics. Section \S \ref{sec:comm_alg} describes the blob complex when $\cC$ is a commutative algebra, thought of as a topological $n$-category, in terms of the topology of $M$. Section \S \ref{sec:deligne} states (and in a later edition of this paper, hopefully proves) a generalisation of the Deligne conjecture (that the little discs operad acts on Hochschild cohomology) in terms of the blob complex. The appendixes prove technical results about $\CD{M}$, and make connections between our definitions of $n$-categories and familar definitions for $n=1$ and $n=2$, as well as relating the $n=1$ case of our $A_\infty$ $n$-categories with usual $A_\infty$ algebras. +Finally, later sections address other topics. Section \S \ref{sec:comm_alg} describes the blob complex when $\cC$ is a commutative algebra, thought of as a topological $n$-category, in terms of the topology of $M$. Section \S \ref{sec:deligne} states (and in a later edition of this paper, hopefully proves) a generalisation of the Deligne conjecture (that the little discs operad acts on Hochschild cohomology) in terms of the blob complex. The appendixes prove technical results about $\CH{M}$, and make connections between our definitions of $n$-categories and familar definitions for $n=1$ and $n=2$, as well as relating the $n=1$ case of our $A_\infty$ $n$-categories with usual $A_\infty$ algebras. \nn{some more things to cover in the intro} @@ -58,12 +56,12 @@ in order to better integrate it into the current intro.} As a starting point, consider TQFTs constructed via fields and local relations. -(See Section \ref{sec:tqftsviafields} or \cite{kwtqft}.) +(See Section \ref{sec:tqftsviafields} or \cite{kw:tqft}.) This gives a satisfactory treatment for semisimple TQFTs (i.e.\ TQFTs for which the cylinder 1-category associated to an $n{-}1$-manifold $Y$ is semisimple for all $Y$). -For non-semiemple TQFTs, this approach is less satisfactory. +For non-semi-simple TQFTs, this approach is less satisfactory. Our main motivating example (though we will not develop it in this paper) is the (decapitated) $4{+}1$-dimensional TQFT associated to Khovanov homology. It associates a bigraded vector space $A_{Kh}(W^4, L)$ to a 4-manifold $W$ together @@ -72,7 +70,7 @@ How would we go about computing $A_{Kh}(W^4, L)$? For $A_{Kh}(B^4, L)$, the main tool is the exact triangle (long exact sequence) -\nn{... $L_1, L_2, L_3$}. +relating resolutions of a crossing. Unfortunately, the exactness breaks if we glue $B^4$ to itself and attempt to compute $A_{Kh}(S^1\times B^3, L)$. According to the gluing theorem for TQFTs-via-fields, gluing along $B^3 \subset \bd B^4$ @@ -113,7 +111,7 @@ and so on. None of the above ideas depend on the details of the Khovanov homology example, -so we develop the general theory in the paper and postpone specific applications +so we develop the general theory in this paper and postpone specific applications to later papers. @@ -186,22 +184,22 @@ \end{equation*} \end{property} -Here $\CD{X}$ is the singular chain complex of the space of diffeomorphisms of $X$, fixed on $\bdy X$. -\begin{property}[$C_*(\Diff(-))$ action] +Here $\CH{X}$ is the singular chain complex of the space of homeomorphisms of $X$, fixed on $\bdy X$. +\begin{property}[$C_*(\Homeo(-))$ action] \label{property:evaluation}% There is a chain map \begin{equation*} -\ev_X: \CD{X} \tensor \bc_*(X) \to \bc_*(X). +\ev_X: \CH{X} \tensor \bc_*(X) \to \bc_*(X). \end{equation*} -Restricted to $C_0(\Diff(X))$ this is just the action of diffeomorphisms described in Property \ref{property:functoriality}. Further, for +Restricted to $C_0(\Homeo(X))$ this is just the action of homeomorphisms described in Property \ref{property:functoriality}. Further, for any codimension $1$-submanifold $Y \subset X$ dividing $X$ into $X_1 \cup_Y X_2$, the following diagram (using the gluing maps described in Property \ref{property:gluing-map}) commutes. \begin{equation*} \xymatrix{ - \CD{X} \otimes \bc_*(X) \ar[r]^{\ev_X} & \bc_*(X) \\ - \CD{X_1} \otimes \CD{X_2} \otimes \bc_*(X_1) \otimes \bc_*(X_2) - \ar@/_4ex/[r]_{\ev_{X_1} \otimes \ev_{X_2}} \ar[u]^{\gl^{\Diff}_Y \otimes \gl_Y} & + \CH{X} \otimes \bc_*(X) \ar[r]^{\ev_X} & \bc_*(X) \\ + \CH{X_1} \otimes \CH{X_2} \otimes \bc_*(X_1) \otimes \bc_*(X_2) + \ar@/_4ex/[r]_{\ev_{X_1} \otimes \ev_{X_2}} \ar[u]^{\gl^{\Homeo}_Y \otimes \gl_Y} & \bc_*(X_1) \otimes \bc_*(X_2) \ar[u]_{\gl_Y} } \end{equation*} @@ -212,9 +210,9 @@ (using the gluing maps described in Property \ref{property:gluing-map}) commutes. \begin{equation*} \xymatrix@C+2cm{ - \CD{X \bigcup_Y \selfarrow} \otimes \bc_*(X \bigcup_Y \selfarrow) \ar[r]^<<<<<<<<<<<<{\ev_{(X \bigcup_Y \scalebox{0.5}{\selfarrow})}} & \bc_*(X \bigcup_Y \selfarrow) \\ - \CD{X} \otimes \bc_*(X) - \ar[r]_{\ev_{X}} \ar[u]^{\gl^{\Diff}_Y \otimes \gl_Y} & + \CH{X \bigcup_Y \selfarrow} \otimes \bc_*(X \bigcup_Y \selfarrow) \ar[r]^<<<<<<<<<<<<{\ev_{(X \bigcup_Y \scalebox{0.5}{\selfarrow})}} & \bc_*(X \bigcup_Y \selfarrow) \\ + \CH{X} \otimes \bc_*(X) + \ar[r]_{\ev_{X}} \ar[u]^{\gl^{\Homeo}_Y \otimes \gl_Y} & \bc_*(X) \ar[u]_{\gl_Y} } \end{equation*} @@ -240,9 +238,9 @@ Let $A_*(Y)$ be the $A_\infty$ $k$-category associated to $Y$ via blob homology (see Property \ref{property:blobs-ainfty}). Then \[ - \bc_*(Y^{n-k}\times W^k, \cC) \simeq \bc_*(W, A_*(Y)) . + \bc_*(Y\times W, \cC) \simeq \bc_*(W, A_*(Y)) . \] -Note on the right here we have the version of the blob complex for $A_\infty$ $n$-categories. +Note on the right hand side we have the version of the blob complex for $A_\infty$ $n$-categories. \end{property} It seems reasonable to expect a generalization describing an arbitrary fibre bundle. See in particular \S \ref{moddecss} for the framework as such a statement. @@ -293,7 +291,7 @@ Throughout, we have resisted the temptation to work in the greatest generality possible (don't worry, it wasn't that hard). In most of the places where we say ``set" or ``vector space", any symmetric monoidal category would do. \nn{maybe make similar remark about chain complexes and $(\infty, 0)$-categories} -More could be said about finite characteristic (there appears in be $2$-torsion in $\bc_1(S^2, \cC)$ for any spherical $2$-category $\cC$). Much more could be said about other types of manifolds, in particular oriented, $\operatorname{Spin}$ and $\operatorname{Pin}^{\pm}$ manifolds, where boundary issues become more complicated. (We'd recommend thinking about boundaries as germs, rather than just codimension $1$ manifolds.) We've also take the path of least resistance by considering $\operatorname{PL}$ manifolds; there may be some differences for topological manifolds and smooth manifolds. +More could be said about finite characteristic (there appears in be $2$-torsion in $\bc_1(S^2, \cC)$ for any spherical $2$-category $\cC$, for example). Much more could be said about other types of manifolds, in particular oriented, $\operatorname{Spin}$ and $\operatorname{Pin}^{\pm}$ manifolds, where boundary issues become more complicated. (We'd recommend thinking about boundaries as germs, rather than just codimension $1$ manifolds.) We've also take the path of least resistance by considering $\operatorname{PL}$ manifolds; there may be some differences for topological manifolds and smooth manifolds. Many results in Hochschild homology can be understood `topologically' via the blob complex. For example, we expect that the shuffle product on the Hochschild homology of a commutative algebra $A$ simply corresponds to the gluing operation on $\bc_*(S^1 \times [0,1], A)$, but haven't investigated the details.