author | Scott Morrison <scott@tqft.net> |
Thu, 06 Oct 2011 12:20:35 -0700 | |
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parent 892 | 01c1daa71437 |
child 913 | 75c1e11d0f25 |
permissions | -rw-r--r-- |
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%!TEX root = ../../blob1.tex |
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\section{Adapting families of maps to open covers} \label{sec:localising} |
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In this appendix we prove some results about adapting families of maps to open covers. |
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These results are used in Lemma \ref{small-top-blobs} and Theorem \ref{thm:map-recon}. |
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Let $X$ and $T$ be topological spaces, with $X$ compact. |
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Let $\cU = \{U_\alpha\}$ be an open cover of $X$ which affords a partition of |
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unity $\{r_\alpha\}$. |
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(That is, $r_\alpha : X \to [0,1]$; $r_\alpha(x) = 0$ if $x\notin U_\alpha$; |
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for fixed $x$, $r_\alpha(x) \ne 0$ for only finitely many $\alpha$; and $\sum_\alpha r_\alpha = 1$.) |
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Since $X$ is compact, we will further assume that $r_\alpha = 0$ (globally) |
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for all but finitely many $\alpha$. |
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Consider $C_*(\Maps(X\to T))$, the singular chains on the space of continuous maps from $X$ to $T$. |
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$C_k(\Maps(X \to T))$ is generated by continuous maps |
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\[ |
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f: P\times X \to T , |
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\] |
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where $P$ is some convex linear polyhedron in $\r^k$. |
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Recall that $f$ is {\it supported} on $S\sub X$ if $f(p, x)$ does not depend on $p$ when |
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$x \notin S$, and that $f$ is {\it adapted} to $\cU$ if |
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$f$ is supported on the union of at most $k$ of the $U_\alpha$'s. |
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A chain $c \in C_*(\Maps(X \to T))$ is adapted to $\cU$ if it is a linear combination of |
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generators which are adapted. |
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\begin{lemma} \label{basic_adaptation_lemma} |
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Let $f: P\times X \to T$, as above. |
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Then there exists |
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\[ |
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F: I \times P\times X \to T |
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\] |
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such that the following conditions hold. |
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\begin{enumerate} |
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\item $F(0, \cdot, \cdot) = f$. |
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\item We can decompose $P = \cup_i D_i$ so that |
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the restrictions $F(1, \cdot, \cdot) : D_i\times X\to T$ are all adapted to $\cU$. |
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\item If $f$ has support $S\sub X$, then |
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$F: (I\times P)\times X\to T$ (a $k{+}1$-parameter family of maps) also has support $S$. |
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Furthermore, if $Q$ is a convex linear subpolyhedron of $\bd P$ and $f$ restricted to $Q$ |
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has support $S' \subset X$, then |
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$F: (I\times Q)\times X\to T$ also has support $S'$. |
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\item Suppose both $X$ and $T$ are smooth manifolds, metric spaces, or PL manifolds, and |
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let $\cX$ denote the subspace of $\Maps(X \to T)$ consisting of immersions or of diffeomorphisms (in the smooth case), |
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bi-Lipschitz homeomorphisms (in the metric case), or PL homeomorphisms (in the PL case). |
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If $f$ is smooth, Lipschitz or PL, as appropriate, and $f(p, \cdot):X\to T$ is in $\cX$ for all $p \in P$ |
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then $F(t, p, \cdot)$ is also in $\cX$ for all $t\in I$ and $p\in P$. |
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\end{enumerate} |
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\end{lemma} |
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%Note: We will prove a version of item 4 of Lemma \ref{basic_adaptation_lemma} for topological |
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%homeomorphisms in Lemma \ref{basic_adaptation_lemma_2} below. |
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%Since the proof is rather different we segregate it to a separate lemma. |
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\begin{proof} |
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Our homotopy will have the form |
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\eqar{ |
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F: I \times P \times X &\to& X \\ |
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(t, p, x) &\mapsto& f(u(t, p, x), x) |
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} |
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for some function |
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\eq{ |
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u : I \times P \times X \to P . |
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} |
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First we describe $u$, then we argue that it makes the conclusions of the lemma true. |
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For each cover index $\alpha$ choose a cell decomposition $K_\alpha$ of $P$ |
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such that the various $K_\alpha$ are in general position with respect to each other. |
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If we are in one of the cases of item 4 of the lemma, also choose $K_\alpha$ |
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sufficiently fine as described below. |
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\def\jj{\tilde{L}} |
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Let $L$ be a common refinement of all the $K_\alpha$'s. |
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Let $\jj$ denote the handle decomposition of $P$ corresponding to $L$. |
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Each $i$-handle $C$ of $\jj$ has an $i$-dimensional tangential coordinate and, |
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more importantly for our purposes, a $k{-}i$-dimensional normal coordinate. |
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We will typically use the same notation for $i$-cells of $L$ and the |
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corresponding $i$-handles of $\jj$. |
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For each (top-dimensional) $k$-cell $C$ of each $K_\alpha$, choose a point $p(C) \in C \sub P$. |
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If $C$ meets a subpolyhedron $Q$ of $\bd P$, we require that $p(C)\in Q$. |
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(It follows that if $C$ meets both $Q$ and $Q'$, then $p(C)\in Q\cap Q'$. |
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Ensuring this is possible corresponds to some mild constraints on the choice of the $K_\alpha$.) |
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Let $D$ be a $k$-handle of $\jj$. |
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For each $\alpha$ let $C(D, \alpha)$ be the $k$-cell of $K_\alpha$ which contains $D$ |
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and let $p(D, \alpha) = p(C(D, \alpha))$. |
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For $p \in D$ we define |
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\eq{ |
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u(t, p, x) = (1-t)p + t \sum_\alpha r_\alpha(x) p(D, \alpha) . |
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} |
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(Recall that $P$ is a convex linear polyhedron, so the weighted average of points of $P$ |
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makes sense.) |
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Thus far we have defined $u(t, p, x)$ when $p$ lies in a $k$-handle of $\jj$. |
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We will now extend $u$ inductively to handles of index less than $k$. |
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Let $E$ be a $k{-}1$-handle. |
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$E$ is homeomorphic to $B^{k-1}\times [0,1]$, and meets |
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the $k$-handles at $B^{k-1}\times\{0\}$ and $B^{k-1}\times\{1\}$. |
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Let $\eta : E \to [0,1]$, $\eta(x, s) = s$ be the normal coordinate |
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of $E$. |
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Let $D_0$ and $D_1$ be the two $k$-handles of $\jj$ adjacent to $E$. |
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There is at most one index $\beta$ such that $C(D_0, \beta) \ne C(D_1, \beta)$. |
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(If there is no such index, choose $\beta$ |
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arbitrarily.) |
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For $p \in E$, define |
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\eq{ |
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u(t, p, x) = (1-t)p + t \left( \sum_{\alpha \ne \beta} r_\alpha(x) p(D_0, \alpha) |
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+ r_\beta(x) (\eta(p) p(D_0, \beta) + (1-\eta(p)) p(D_1, \beta)) \right) . |
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} |
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Now for the general case. |
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Let $E$ be a $k{-}j$-handle. |
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Let $D_0,\ldots,D_a$ be the $k$-handles adjacent to $E$. |
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There is a subset of cover indices $\cN$, of cardinality $j$, |
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such that if $\alpha\notin\cN$ then |
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$p(D_u, \alpha) = p(D_v, \alpha)$ for all $0\le u,v \le a$. |
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For fixed $\beta\in\cN$ let $\{q_{\beta i}\}$ be the set of values of |
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$p(D_u, \beta)$ for $0\le u \le a$. |
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Recall the product structure $E = B^{k-j}\times B^j$. |
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Inductively, we have defined functions $\eta_{\beta i}:\bd B^j \to [0,1]$ such that |
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$\sum_i \eta_{\beta i} = 1$ for all $\beta\in \cN$. |
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Choose extensions of $\eta_{\beta i}$ to all of $B^j$. |
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Via the projection $E\to B^j$, regard $\eta_{\beta i}$ as a function on $E$. |
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Now define, for $p \in E$, |
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\begin{equation} |
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\label{eq:u} |
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u(t, p, x) = (1-t)p + t \left( |
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\sum_{\alpha \notin \cN} r_\alpha(x) p(D_0, \alpha) |
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+ \sum_{\beta \in \cN} r_\beta(x) \left( \sum_i \eta_{\beta i}(p) \cdot q_{\beta i} \right) |
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\right) . |
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\end{equation} |
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This completes the definition of $u: I \times P \times X \to P$. |
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The formulas above are consistent: for $p$ at the boundary between a $k-j$-handle and |
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a $k-(j+1)$-handle the corresponding expressions in Equation \eqref{eq:u} agree, |
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since one of the normal coordinates becomes $0$ or $1$. |
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Note that if $Q\sub \bd P$ is a convex linear subpolyhedron, then $u(I\times Q\times X) \sub Q$. |
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\medskip |
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Next we verify that $u$ affords $F$ the properties claimed in the statement of the lemma. |
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Since $u(0, p, x) = p$ for all $p\in P$ and $x\in X$, $F(0, p, x) = f(p, x)$ for all $p$ and $x$. |
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Therefore $F$ is a homotopy from $f$ to something. |
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\medskip |
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Next we show that for each handle $D$ of $J$, $F(1, \cdot, \cdot) : D\times X \to X$ |
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is a singular cell adapted to $\cU$. |
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Let $k-j$ be the index of $D$. |
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Referring to Equation \eqref{eq:u}, we see that $F(1, p, x)$ depends on $p$ only if |
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$r_\beta(x) \ne 0$ for some $\beta\in\cN$, i.e.\ only if |
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$x\in \bigcup_{\beta\in\cN} U_\beta$. |
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Since the cardinality of $\cN$ is $j$ which is less than or equal to $k$, |
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this shows that $F(1, \cdot, \cdot) : D\times X \to X$ is adapted to $\cU$. |
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\medskip |
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Next we show that $F$ does not increase supports. |
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If $f(p,x) = f(p',x)$ for all $p,p'\in P$, |
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then |
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\[ |
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F(t, p, x) = f(u(t,p,x),x) = f(u(t',p',x),x) = F(t',p',x) |
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\] |
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for all $(t,p)$ and $(t',p')$ in $I\times P$. |
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Similarly, if $f(q,x) = f(q',x)$ for all $q,q'\in Q\sub \bd P$, |
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then |
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\[ |
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F(t, q, x) = f(u(t,q,x),x) = f(u(t',q',x),x) = F(t',q',x) |
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\] |
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for all $(t,q)$ and $(t',q')$ in $I\times Q$. |
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(Recall that we arranged above that $u(I\times Q\times X) \sub Q$.) |
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\medskip |
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Now for claim 4 of the lemma. |
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Assume that $X$ and $T$ are smooth manifolds and that $f$ is a smooth family of diffeomorphisms. |
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We must show that we can choose the $K_\alpha$'s and $u$ so that $F(t, p, \cdot)$ is a |
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diffeomorphism for all $t$ and $p$. |
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It suffices to |
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show that the derivative $\pd{F}{x}(t, p, x)$ is non-singular for all $(t, p, x)$. |
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\eq{ |
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% \pd{F}{x}(t, p, x) = \pd{f}{x}(u(t, p, x), x) + \pd{f}{p}(u(t, p, x), x) \pd{u}{x}(t, p, x) . |
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} |
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Since $f$ is a family of diffeomorphisms and $X$ and $P$ are compact, |
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$\pd{f}{x}$ is non-singular and bounded away from zero. |
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Also, since $f$ is smooth $\pd{f}{p}$ is bounded. |
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Thus if we can insure that $\pd{u}{x}$ is sufficiently small, we are done. |
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It follows from Equation \eqref{eq:u} above that $\pd{u}{x}$ depends on $\pd{r_\alpha}{x}$ |
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(which is bounded) |
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and the differences amongst the various $p(D_0,\alpha)$'s and $q_{\beta i}$'s. |
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These differences are small if the cell decompositions $K_\alpha$ are sufficiently fine. |
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This completes the proof that $F$ is a homotopy through diffeomorphisms. |
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||
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If we replace ``diffeomorphism" with ``immersion" in the above paragraph, the argument goes |
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through essentially unchanged. |
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Next we consider the case where $f$ is a family of bi-Lipschitz homeomorphisms. |
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Recall that we assume that $f$ is Lipschitz in the $P$ direction as well. |
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The argument in this case is similar to the one above for diffeomorphisms, with |
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bounded partial derivatives replaced by Lipschitz constants. |
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Since $X$ and $P$ are compact, there is a universal bi-Lipschitz constant that works for |
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$f(p, \cdot)$ for all $p$. |
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By choosing the cell decompositions $K_\alpha$ sufficiently fine, |
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we can insure that $u$ has a small Lipschitz constant in the $X$ direction. |
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This allows us to show that $F(t, p, \cdot)$ has a bi-Lipschitz constant |
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close to the universal bi-Lipschitz constant for $f$. |
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Since PL homeomorphisms are bi-Lipschitz, we have established this last remaining case of claim 4 of the lemma as well. |
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\end{proof} |
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% Edwards-Kirby: MR0283802 |
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\noop { %%%%%% begin \noop %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% |
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The above proof doesn't work for homeomorphisms which are merely continuous. |
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The $k=1$ case for plain, continuous homeomorphisms |
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is more or less equivalent to Corollary 1.3 of \cite{MR0283802}. |
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The proof found in \cite{MR0283802} of that corollary can be adapted to many-parameter families of |
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homeomorphisms: |
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\begin{lemma} \label{basic_adaptation_lemma_2} |
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Lemma \ref{basic_adaptation_lemma} holds for continuous homeomorphisms |
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in item 4. |
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\end{lemma} |
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\begin{proof} |
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The proof is similar to the proof of Corollary 1.3 of \cite{MR0283802}. |
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Since $X$ is compact, we may assume without loss of generality that the cover $\cU$ is finite. |
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Let $\cU = \{U_\alpha\}$, $1\le \alpha\le N$. |
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We will need some wiggle room, so for each $\alpha$ choose $2N$ additional open sets |
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\[ |
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U_\alpha = U_\alpha^0 \supset U_\alpha^\frac12 \supset U_\alpha^1 \supset U_\alpha^\frac32 \supset \cdots \supset U_\alpha^N |
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\] |
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so that for each fixed $i$ the set $\cU^i = \{U_\alpha^i\}$ is an open cover of $X$, and also so that |
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the closure $\ol{U_\alpha^i}$ is compact and $U_\alpha^{i-\frac12} \supset \ol{U_\alpha^i}$. |
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%\nn{say specifically how many we need?} |
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Let $P$ be some $k$-dimensional polyhedron and $f:P\to \Homeo(X)$. |
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After subdividing $P$, we may assume that there exists $g\in \Homeo(X)$ |
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such that $g^{-1}\circ f(P)$ is contained in a small neighborhood of the |
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identity in $\Homeo(X)$. |
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The sense of ``small" we mean will be explained below. |
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It depends only on $\cU$ and the choice of $U_\alpha^i$'s. |
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Our goal is to homotope $P$, rel boundary, so that it is adapted to $\cU$. |
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By the local contractibility of $\Homeo(X)$ (Corollary 1.1 of \cite{MR0283802}), |
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it suffices to find $f':P\to \Homeo(X)$ such that $f' = f$ on $\bd P$ and $f'$ is adapted to $\cU$. |
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We may assume, inductively, that the restriction of $f$ to $\bd P$ is adapted to $\cU^N$. |
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So $\bd P = \sum Q_\beta$, and the support of $f$ restricted to $Q_\beta$ is $V_\beta^N$, the union of $k-1$ of |
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the $U_\alpha^N$'s. Define $V_\beta^i \sup V_\beta^N$ to be the corresponding union of $k-1$ |
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of the $U_\alpha^i$'s. |
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Define |
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\[ |
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W_j^i = U_1^i \cup U_2^i \cup \cdots \cup U_j^i . |
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\] |
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By the local contractibility of $\Homeo(X)$ (Corollary 1.1 of \cite{MR0283802}), |
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We will construct a sequence of maps $f_i : \bd P\to \Homeo(X)$, for $i = 0, 1, \ldots, N$, with the following properties: |
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\begin{itemize} |
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\item[(A)] $f_0 = f|_{\bd P}$; |
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\item[(B)] $f_i = g$ on $W_i^i$; |
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\item[(C)] $f_i$ restricted to $Q_\beta$ has support contained in $V_\beta^{N-i}$; and |
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\item[(D)] there is a homotopy $F_i : \bd P\times I \to \Homeo(X)$ from $f_{i-1}$ to $f_i$ such that the |
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support of $F_i$ restricted to $Q_\beta\times I$ is contained in $U_i^i\cup V_\beta^{N-i}$. |
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\nn{check this when done writing} |
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\end{itemize} |
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Once we have the $F_i$'s as in (D), we can finish the argument as follows. |
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Assemble the $F_i$'s into a map $F: \bd P\times [0,N] \to \Homeo(X)$. |
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$F$ is adapted to $\cU$ by (D). |
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$F$ restricted to $\bd P\times\{N\}$ is constant on $W_N^N = X$ by (B). |
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We can therefore view $F$ as a map $f'$ from $\Cone(\bd P) \cong P$ to $\Homeo(X)$ |
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which is adapted to $\cU$. |
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|
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The homotopies $F_i$ will be composed of three types of pieces, $A_\beta$, $B_\beta$ and $C$, % NOT C_\beta |
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as illustrated in Figure \nn{xxxx}. |
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($A_\beta$, $B_\beta$ and $C$ also depend on $i$, but we are suppressing that from the notation.) |
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The homotopy $A_\beta : Q_\beta \times I \to \Homeo(X)$ will arrange that $f_i$ agrees with $g$ |
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on $U_i^i \setmin V_\beta^{N-i+1}$. |
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The homotopy $B_\beta : Q_\beta \times I \to \Homeo(X)$ will extend the agreement with $g$ to all of $U_i^i$. |
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The homotopies $C$ match things up between $\bd Q_\beta \times I$ and $\bd Q_{\beta'} \times I$ when |
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$Q_\beta$ and $Q_{\beta'}$ are adjacent. |
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|
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Assume inductively that we have defined $f_{i-1}$. |
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|
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Now we define $A_\beta$. |
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Choose $q_0\in Q_\beta$. |
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Theorem 5.1 of \cite{MR0283802} implies that we can choose a homotopy $h:I \to \Homeo(X)$, with $h(0)$ the identity, such that |
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\begin{itemize} |
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\item[(E)] the support of $h$ is contained in $U_i^{i-1} \setmin W_{i-1}^{i-\frac12}$; and |
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\item[(F)] $h(1) \circ f_{i-1}(q_0) = g$ on $U_i^i$. |
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\end{itemize} |
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Define $A_\beta$ by |
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\[ |
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A_\beta(q, t) = h(t) \circ f_{i-1}(q) . |
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\] |
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It follows that |
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\begin{itemize} |
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\item[(G)] $A_\beta(q,1) = A(q',1)$, for all $q,q' \in Q_\beta$, on $X \setmin V_\beta^{N-i+1}$; |
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\item[(H)] $A_\beta(q, 1) = g$ on $(U_i^i \cup W_{i-1}^{i-\frac12})\setmin V_\beta^{N-i+1}$; and |
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\item[(I)] the support of $A_\beta$ is contained in $U_i^{i-1} \cup V_\beta^{N-i+1}$. |
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\end{itemize} |
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|
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Next we define $B_\beta$. |
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Theorem 5.1 of \cite{MR0283802} implies that we can choose a homotopy $B_\beta:Q_\beta\times I\to \Homeo(X)$ |
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such that |
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\begin{itemize} |
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\item[(J)] $B_\beta(\cdot, 0) = A_\beta(\cdot, 1)$; |
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\item[(K)] $B_\beta(q,1) = g$ on $W_i^i$; |
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\item[(L)] the support of $B_\beta(\cdot,1)$ is contained in $V_\beta^{N-i}$; and |
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\item[(M)] the support of $B_\beta$ is contained in $U_i^i \cup V_\beta^{N-i}$. |
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\end{itemize} |
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All that remains is to define the ``glue" $C$ which interpolates between adjacent $Q_\beta$ and $Q_{\beta'}$. |
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First consider the $k=2$ case. |
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(In this case Figure \nn{xxxx} is literal rather than merely schematic.) |
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Let $q = Q_\beta \cap Q_{\beta'}$ be a point on the boundaries of both $Q_\beta$ and $Q_{\beta'}$. |
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We have an arc of Homeomorphisms, composed of $B_\beta(q, \cdot)$, $A_\beta(q, \cdot)$, |
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$A_{\beta'}(q, \cdot)$ and $B_{\beta'}(q, \cdot)$, which connects $B_\beta(q, 1)$ to $B_{\beta'}(q, 1)$. |
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|
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\nn{Hmmmm..... I think there's a problem here} |
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\nn{resume revising here} |
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|
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\nn{scraps:} |
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To apply Theorem 5.1 of \cite{MR0283802}, the family $f(P)$ must be sufficiently small, |
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and the subdivision mentioned above is chosen fine enough to insure this. |
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|
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\end{proof} |
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|
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} %%%%%% end \noop %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% |
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325 | 353 |
\begin{lemma} \label{extension_lemma_c} |
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Let $\cX_*$ be any of $C_*(\Maps(X \to T))$ or singular chains on the |
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subspace of $\Maps(X\to T)$ consisting of immersions, diffeomorphisms, |
|
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bi-Lipschitz homeomorphisms, or PL homeomorphisms. |
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Let $G_* \subset \cX_*$ denote the chains adapted to an open cover $\cU$ |
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of $X$. |
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Then $G_*$ is a strong deformation retract of $\cX_*$. |
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\end{lemma} |
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\begin{proof} |
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It suffices to show that given a generator $f:P\times X\to T$ of $\cX_k$ with |
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$\bd f \in G_{k-1}$ there exists $h\in \cX_{k+1}$ with $\bd h = f + g$ and $g \in G_k$. |
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This is exactly what Lemma \ref{basic_adaptation_lemma} |
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gives us. |
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More specifically, let $\bd P = \sum Q_i$, with each $Q_i\in G_{k-1}$. |
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Let $F: I\times P\times X\to T$ be the homotopy constructed in Lemma \ref{basic_adaptation_lemma}. |
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Then $\bd F$ is equal to $f$ plus $F(1, \cdot, \cdot)$ plus the restrictions of $F$ to $I\times Q_i$. |
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Part 2 of Lemma \ref{basic_adaptation_lemma} says that $F(1, \cdot, \cdot)\in G_k$, |
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while part 3 of Lemma \ref{basic_adaptation_lemma} says that the restrictions to $I\times Q_i$ are in $G_k$. |
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\end{proof} |
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|
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\medskip |
272 | 374 |
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%%%%%% Lo, \noop{...} |
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\noop{ |
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||
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\medskip |
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\nn{do we want to keep the following?} |
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\nn{ack! not easy to adapt (pun) this old text to continuous maps (instead of homeos, as |
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in the old version); just delete (\\noop) it all for now} |
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||
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The above lemmas remain true if we replace ``adapted" with ``strongly adapted", as defined below. |
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The proof of Lemma \ref{basic_adaptation_lemma} is modified by |
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choosing the common refinement $L$ and interpolating maps $\eta$ |
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slightly more carefully. |
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Since we don't need the stronger result, we omit the details. |
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||
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Let $X$, $T$ and $\cU$ be as above. |
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A $k$-parameter family of maps $f: P \times X \to T$ is |
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{\it strongly adapted to $\cU$} if there is a factorization |
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\eq{ |
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P = P_1 \times \cdots \times P_m |
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} |
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(for some $m \le k$) |
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and families of homeomorphisms |
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\eq{ |
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f_i : P_i \times X \to T |
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} |
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such that |
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\begin{itemize} |
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\item each $f_i$ is supported on some connected $V_i \sub X$; |
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\item the sets $V_i$ are mutually disjoint; |
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\item each $V_i$ is the union of at most $k_i$ of the $U_\alpha$'s, |
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where $k_i = \dim(P_i)$; and |
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\item $f(p, \cdot) = g \circ f_1(p_1, \cdot) \circ \cdots \circ f_m(p_m, \cdot)$ |
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for all $p = (p_1, \ldots, p_m)$, for some fixed $g:X\to T$. |
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\end{itemize} |
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} |
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% end \noop |
|
276 | 415 |