text/ncat.tex
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     1 %!TEX root = ../blob1.tex
     1 %!TEX root = ../blob1.tex
     2 
     2 
     3 \def\xxpar#1#2{\smallskip\noindent{\bf #1} {\it #2} \smallskip}
     3 \def\xxpar#1#2{\smallskip\noindent{\bf #1} {\it #2} \smallskip}
     4 \def\mmpar#1#2#3{\smallskip\noindent{\bf #1} (#2). {\it #3} \smallskip}
     4 \def\mmpar#1#2#3{\smallskip\noindent{\bf #1} (#2). {\it #3} \smallskip}
     5 
     5 
     6 \section{Disk-like \texorpdfstring{$n$}{n}-categories and their modules}
     6 \section{\texorpdfstring{$n$}{n}-categories and their modules}
     7 \label{sec:ncats}
     7 \label{sec:ncats}
     8 
     8 
     9 \subsection{Definition of disk-like \texorpdfstring{$n$}{n}-categories}
     9 \subsection{Definition of \texorpdfstring{$n$}{n}-categories}
    10 \label{ss:n-cat-def}
    10 \label{ss:n-cat-def}
    11 
    11 
    12 Before proceeding, we need more appropriate definitions of $n$-categories, 
    12 Before proceeding, we need more appropriate definitions of $n$-categories, 
    13 $A_\infty$ $n$-categories, as well as modules for these, and tensor products of these modules.
    13 $A_\infty$ $n$-categories, as well as modules for these, and tensor products of these modules.
    14 (As is the case throughout this paper, by ``$n$-category" we mean some notion of
    14 (As is the case throughout this paper, by ``$n$-category" we mean some notion of
    30 %\nn{Say something explicit about Lurie's work here? 
    30 %\nn{Say something explicit about Lurie's work here? 
    31 %It seems like this was something that Dan Freed wanted explaining when we talked to him in Aspen}
    31 %It seems like this was something that Dan Freed wanted explaining when we talked to him in Aspen}
    32 
    32 
    33 \medskip
    33 \medskip
    34 
    34 
    35 The axioms for a disk-like $n$-category are spread throughout this section.
    35 The axioms for an $n$-category are spread throughout this section.
    36 Collecting these together, a disk-like $n$-category is a gadget satisfying Axioms \ref{axiom:morphisms}, 
    36 Collecting these together, an $n$-category is a gadget satisfying Axioms \ref{axiom:morphisms}, 
    37 \ref{nca-boundary}, \ref{axiom:composition},  \ref{nca-assoc}, \ref{axiom:product}, \ref{axiom:extended-isotopies} and  \ref{axiom:vcones}.
    37 \ref{nca-boundary}, \ref{axiom:composition},  \ref{nca-assoc}, \ref{axiom:product}, \ref{axiom:extended-isotopies} and  \ref{axiom:vcones}.
    38 For an enriched disk-like $n$-category we add Axiom \ref{axiom:enriched}.
    38 For an enriched $n$-category we add Axiom \ref{axiom:enriched}.
    39 For an $A_\infty$ disk-like $n$-category, we replace 
    39 For an $A_\infty$ $n$-category, we replace 
    40 Axiom \ref{axiom:extended-isotopies} with Axiom \ref{axiom:families}.
    40 Axiom \ref{axiom:extended-isotopies} with Axiom \ref{axiom:families}.
    41 
    41 
    42 Strictly speaking, before we can state the axioms for $k$-morphisms we need all the axioms 
    42 Strictly speaking, before we can state the axioms for $k$-morphisms we need all the axioms 
    43 for $k{-}1$-morphisms.
    43 for $k{-}1$-morphisms.
    44 Readers who prefer things to be presented in a strictly logical order should read this 
    44 Readers who prefer things to be presented in a strictly logical order should read this 
    86 They could be unoriented or oriented or Spin or $\mbox{Pin}_\pm$.
    86 They could be unoriented or oriented or Spin or $\mbox{Pin}_\pm$.
    87 They could be topological or PL or smooth.
    87 They could be topological or PL or smooth.
    88 %\nn{need to check whether this makes much difference}
    88 %\nn{need to check whether this makes much difference}
    89 (If smooth, ``homeomorphism" should be read ``diffeomorphism", and we would need
    89 (If smooth, ``homeomorphism" should be read ``diffeomorphism", and we would need
    90 to be fussier about corners and boundaries.)
    90 to be fussier about corners and boundaries.)
    91 For each flavor of manifold there is a corresponding flavor of disk-like $n$-category.
    91 For each flavor of manifold there is a corresponding flavor of $n$-category.
    92 For simplicity, we will concentrate on the case of PL unoriented manifolds.
    92 For simplicity, we will concentrate on the case of PL unoriented manifolds.
    93 
    93 
    94 An ambitious reader may want to keep in mind two other classes of balls.
    94 An ambitious reader may want to keep in mind two other classes of balls.
    95 The first is balls equipped with a map to some other space $Y$ (c.f. \cite{MR2079378}). 
    95 The first is balls equipped with a map to some other space $Y$ (c.f. \cite{MR2079378}). 
    96 This will be used below (see the end of \S \ref{ss:product-formula}) to describe the blob complex of a fiber bundle with
    96 This will be used below (see the end of \S \ref{ss:product-formula}) to describe the blob complex of a fiber bundle with
   812 decomposition which has common refinements with each of the original two decompositions.
   812 decomposition which has common refinements with each of the original two decompositions.
   813 
   813 
   814 
   814 
   815 \medskip
   815 \medskip
   816 
   816 
   817 This completes the definition of a disk-like $n$-category.
   817 This completes the definition of an $n$-category.
   818 Next we define enriched disk-like $n$-categories.
   818 Next we define enriched $n$-categories.
   819 
   819 
   820 \medskip
   820 \medskip
   821 
   821 
   822 
   822 
   823 Most of the examples of $n$-categories we are interested in are enriched in the following sense.
   823 Most of the examples of $n$-categories we are interested in are enriched in the following sense.
   842 \item topological spaces with product and disjoint union.
   842 \item topological spaces with product and disjoint union.
   843 \end{itemize}
   843 \end{itemize}
   844 For convenience, we will also assume that the objects of our auxiliary category are sets with extra structure.
   844 For convenience, we will also assume that the objects of our auxiliary category are sets with extra structure.
   845 (Otherwise, stating the axioms for identity morphisms becomes more cumbersome.)
   845 (Otherwise, stating the axioms for identity morphisms becomes more cumbersome.)
   846 
   846 
   847 Before stating the revised axioms for a disk-like $n$-category enriched in a distributive monoidal category,
   847 Before stating the revised axioms for an $n$-category enriched in a distributive monoidal category,
   848 we need a preliminary definition.
   848 we need a preliminary definition.
   849 Once we have the above $n$-category axioms for $n{-}1$-morphisms, we can define the 
   849 Once we have the above $n$-category axioms for $n{-}1$-morphisms, we can define the 
   850 category $\bbc$ of {\it $n$-balls with boundary conditions}.
   850 category $\bbc$ of {\it $n$-balls with boundary conditions}.
   851 Its objects are pairs $(X, c)$, where $X$ is an $n$-ball and $c \in \cl\cC(\bd X)$ is the ``boundary condition".
   851 Its objects are pairs $(X, c)$, where $X$ is an $n$-ball and $c \in \cl\cC(\bd X)$ is the ``boundary condition".
   852 The morphisms from $(X, c)$ to $(X', c')$, denoted $\Homeo(X,c; X', c')$, are
   852 The morphisms from $(X, c)$ to $(X', c')$, denoted $\Homeo(X,c; X', c')$, are
   853 homeomorphisms $f:X\to X'$ such that $f|_{\bd X}(c) = c'$.
   853 homeomorphisms $f:X\to X'$ such that $f|_{\bd X}(c) = c'$.
   854 %Let $\pi_0(\bbc)$ denote
   854 %Let $\pi_0(\bbc)$ denote
   855  
   855  
   856 \begin{axiom}[Enriched disk-like $n$-categories]
   856 \begin{axiom}[Enriched $n$-categories]
   857 \label{axiom:enriched}
   857 \label{axiom:enriched}
   858 Let $\cS$ be a distributive symmetric monoidal category.
   858 Let $\cS$ be a distributive symmetric monoidal category.
   859 A disk-like $n$-category enriched in $\cS$ satisfies the above $n$-category axioms for $k=0,\ldots,n-1$,
   859 An $n$-category enriched in $\cS$ satisfies the above $n$-category axioms for $k=0,\ldots,n-1$,
   860 and modifies the axioms for $k=n$ as follows:
   860 and modifies the axioms for $k=n$ as follows:
   861 \begin{itemize}
   861 \begin{itemize}
   862 \item Morphisms. We have a functor $\cC_n$ from $\bbc$ ($n$-balls with boundary conditions) to $\cS$.
   862 \item Morphisms. We have a functor $\cC_n$ from $\bbc$ ($n$-balls with boundary conditions) to $\cS$.
   863 %[already said this above.  ack]  Furthermore, $\cC_n(f)$ depends only on the path component of a homeomorphism $f: (X, c) \to (X', c')$.
   863 %[already said this above.  ack]  Furthermore, $\cC_n(f)$ depends only on the path component of a homeomorphism $f: (X, c) \to (X', c')$.
   864 %In particular, homeomorphisms which are isotopic to the identity rel boundary act trivially
   864 %In particular, homeomorphisms which are isotopic to the identity rel boundary act trivially
   880 
   880 
   881 When the enriching category $\cS$ is chain complexes or topological spaces,
   881 When the enriching category $\cS$ is chain complexes or topological spaces,
   882 or more generally an appropriate sort of $\infty$-category,
   882 or more generally an appropriate sort of $\infty$-category,
   883 we can modify the extended isotopy axiom \ref{axiom:extended-isotopies}
   883 we can modify the extended isotopy axiom \ref{axiom:extended-isotopies}
   884 to require that families of homeomorphisms act
   884 to require that families of homeomorphisms act
   885 and obtain what we shall call an $A_\infty$ disk-like $n$-category.
   885 and obtain what we shall call an $A_\infty$ $n$-category.
   886 
   886 
   887 \noop{
   887 \noop{
   888 We believe that abstract definitions should be guided by diverse collections
   888 We believe that abstract definitions should be guided by diverse collections
   889 of concrete examples, and a lack of diversity in our present collection of examples of $A_\infty$ $n$-categories
   889 of concrete examples, and a lack of diversity in our present collection of examples of $A_\infty$ $n$-categories
   890 makes us reluctant to commit to an all-encompassing general definition.
   890 makes us reluctant to commit to an all-encompassing general definition.
   933 In fact, compatibility implies less than this.
   933 In fact, compatibility implies less than this.
   934 For simplicity, assume that $\cJ$ is $C_*$, the singular chains functor.
   934 For simplicity, assume that $\cJ$ is $C_*$, the singular chains functor.
   935 (This is the example most relevant to this paper.)
   935 (This is the example most relevant to this paper.)
   936 Then compatibility implies that the action of $C_*(\Homeo(X,c; X', c'))$ agrees with the action
   936 Then compatibility implies that the action of $C_*(\Homeo(X,c; X', c'))$ agrees with the action
   937 of $C_0(\Homeo(X,c; X', c'))$ coming from Axiom \ref{axiom:morphisms}, so we only require associativity in degree zero.
   937 of $C_0(\Homeo(X,c; X', c'))$ coming from Axiom \ref{axiom:morphisms}, so we only require associativity in degree zero.
   938 And indeed, this is true for our main example of an $A_\infty$ disk-like $n$-category based on the blob construction.
   938 And indeed, this is true for our main example of an $A_\infty$ $n$-category based on the blob construction.
   939 Stating this sort of compatibility for general $\cS$ and $\cJ$ requires further assumptions, 
   939 Stating this sort of compatibility for general $\cS$ and $\cJ$ requires further assumptions, 
   940 such as the forgetful functor from $\cS$ to sets having a left adjoint, and $\cS$ having an internal Hom.
   940 such as the forgetful functor from $\cS$ to sets having a left adjoint, and $\cS$ having an internal Hom.
   941 
   941 
   942 An alternative (due to Peter Teichner) is to say that Axiom \ref{axiom:families} 
   942 An alternative (due to Peter Teichner) is to say that Axiom \ref{axiom:families} 
   943 supersedes the $k=n$ case of Axiom \ref{axiom:morphisms}; in dimension $n$ we just have a
   943 supersedes the $k=n$ case of Axiom \ref{axiom:morphisms}; in dimension $n$ we just have a
   955 gives $n$-categories as in Example \ref{ex:blob-complexes-of-balls} which satisfy this stronger axiom. 
   955 gives $n$-categories as in Example \ref{ex:blob-complexes-of-balls} which satisfy this stronger axiom. 
   956 %since that construction is only homotopy equivalent to the usual one, only the weaker axiom carries across.
   956 %since that construction is only homotopy equivalent to the usual one, only the weaker axiom carries across.
   957 For future reference we make the following definition.
   957 For future reference we make the following definition.
   958 
   958 
   959 \begin{defn}
   959 \begin{defn}
   960 A {\em strict $A_\infty$ disk-like $n$-category} is one in which the actions of Axiom \ref{axiom:families} are strictly associative.
   960 A {\em strict $A_\infty$ $n$-category} is one in which the actions of Axiom \ref{axiom:families} are strictly associative.
   961 \end{defn}
   961 \end{defn}
   962 
   962 
   963 \noop{
   963 \noop{
   964 Note that if we take homology of chain complexes, we turn an $A_\infty$ $n$-category
   964 Note that if we take homology of chain complexes, we turn an $A_\infty$ $n$-category
   965 into a ordinary $n$-category (enriched over graded groups).
   965 into a ordinary $n$-category (enriched over graded groups).
   971 }
   971 }
   972 
   972 
   973 
   973 
   974 \medskip
   974 \medskip
   975 
   975 
   976 We define a $j$ times monoidal disk-like $n$-category to be a disk-like $(n{+}j)$-category $\cC$ where
   976 We define a $j$ times monoidal $n$-category to be an $(n{+}j)$-category $\cC$ where
   977 $\cC(X)$ is a trivial 1-element set if $X$ is a $k$-ball with $k<j$.
   977 $\cC(X)$ is a trivial 1-element set if $X$ is a $k$-ball with $k<j$.
   978 See Example \ref{ex:bord-cat}.
   978 See Example \ref{ex:bord-cat}.
   979 
   979 
   980 \medskip
   980 \medskip
   981 
   981 
   982 The alert reader will have already noticed that our definition of an (ordinary) disk-like $n$-category
   982 The alert reader will have already noticed that our definition of an (ordinary) $n$-category
   983 is extremely similar to our definition of a system of fields.
   983 is extremely similar to our definition of a system of fields.
   984 There are two differences.
   984 There are two differences.
   985 First, for the $n$-category definition we restrict our attention to balls
   985 First, for the $n$-category definition we restrict our attention to balls
   986 (and their boundaries), while for fields we consider all manifolds.
   986 (and their boundaries), while for fields we consider all manifolds.
   987 Second,  in the category definition we directly impose isotopy
   987 Second,  in the category definition we directly impose isotopy
   988 invariance in dimension $n$, while in the fields definition we 
   988 invariance in dimension $n$, while in the fields definition we 
   989 instead remember a subspace of local relations which contain differences of isotopic fields. 
   989 instead remember a subspace of local relations which contain differences of isotopic fields. 
   990 (Recall that the compensation for this complication is that we can demand that the gluing map for fields is injective.)
   990 (Recall that the compensation for this complication is that we can demand that the gluing map for fields is injective.)
   991 Thus a system of fields and local relations $(\cF,U)$ determines a disk-like $n$-category $\cC_ {\cF,U}$ simply by restricting our attention to
   991 Thus a system of fields and local relations $(\cF,U)$ determines an $n$-category $\cC_ {\cF,U}$ simply by restricting our attention to
   992 balls and, at level $n$, quotienting out by the local relations:
   992 balls and, at level $n$, quotienting out by the local relations:
   993 \begin{align*}
   993 \begin{align*}
   994 \cC_{\cF,U}(B^k) & = \begin{cases}\cF(B) & \text{when $k<n$,} \\ \cF(B) / U(B) & \text{when $k=n$.}\end{cases}
   994 \cC_{\cF,U}(B^k) & = \begin{cases}\cF(B) & \text{when $k<n$,} \\ \cF(B) / U(B) & \text{when $k=n$.}\end{cases}
   995 \end{align*}
   995 \end{align*}
   996 This $n$-category can be thought of as the local part of the fields.
   996 This $n$-category can be thought of as the local part of the fields.
  1002 In the $n$-category axioms above we have intermingled data and properties for expository reasons.
  1002 In the $n$-category axioms above we have intermingled data and properties for expository reasons.
  1003 Here's a summary of the definition which segregates the data from the properties.
  1003 Here's a summary of the definition which segregates the data from the properties.
  1004 We also remind the reader of the inductive nature of the definition: All the data for $k{-}1$-morphisms must be in place
  1004 We also remind the reader of the inductive nature of the definition: All the data for $k{-}1$-morphisms must be in place
  1005 before we can describe the data for $k$-morphisms.
  1005 before we can describe the data for $k$-morphisms.
  1006 
  1006 
  1007 A disk-like $n$-category consists of the following data:
  1007 An $n$-category consists of the following data:
  1008 \begin{itemize}
  1008 \begin{itemize}
  1009 \item functors $\cC_k$ from $k$-balls to sets, $0\le k\le n$ (Axiom \ref{axiom:morphisms});
  1009 \item functors $\cC_k$ from $k$-balls to sets, $0\le k\le n$ (Axiom \ref{axiom:morphisms});
  1010 \item boundary natural transformations $\cC_k \to \cl{\cC}_{k-1} \circ \bd$ (Axiom \ref{nca-boundary});
  1010 \item boundary natural transformations $\cC_k \to \cl{\cC}_{k-1} \circ \bd$ (Axiom \ref{nca-boundary});
  1011 \item ``composition'' or ``gluing'' maps $\gl_Y : \cC(B_1)\trans E \times_{\cC(Y)} \cC(B_2)\trans E \to \cC(B_1\cup_Y B_2)\trans E$ (Axiom \ref{axiom:composition});
  1011 \item ``composition'' or ``gluing'' maps $\gl_Y : \cC(B_1)\trans E \times_{\cC(Y)} \cC(B_2)\trans E \to \cC(B_1\cup_Y B_2)\trans E$ (Axiom \ref{axiom:composition});
  1012 \item ``product'' or ``identity'' maps $\pi^*:\cC(X)\to \cC(E)$ for each pinched product $\pi:E\to X$ (Axiom \ref{axiom:product});
  1012 \item ``product'' or ``identity'' maps $\pi^*:\cC(X)\to \cC(E)$ for each pinched product $\pi:E\to X$ (Axiom \ref{axiom:product});
  1028 \item For ordinary categories, invariance of $n$-morphisms under extended isotopies 
  1028 \item For ordinary categories, invariance of $n$-morphisms under extended isotopies 
  1029 and collar maps (Axiom \ref{axiom:extended-isotopies}).
  1029 and collar maps (Axiom \ref{axiom:extended-isotopies}).
  1030 \end{itemize}
  1030 \end{itemize}
  1031 
  1031 
  1032 
  1032 
  1033 \subsection{Examples of disk-like \texorpdfstring{$n$}{n}-categories}
  1033 \subsection{Examples of \texorpdfstring{$n$}{n}-categories}
  1034 \label{ss:ncat-examples}
  1034 \label{ss:ncat-examples}
  1035 
  1035 
  1036 
  1036 
  1037 We now describe several classes of examples of $n$-categories satisfying our axioms.
  1037 We now describe several classes of examples of $n$-categories satisfying our axioms.
  1038 We typically specify only the morphisms; the rest of the data for the category
  1038 We typically specify only the morphisms; the rest of the data for the category
  1160 	C_*(\Maps_c(X \to T)),
  1160 	C_*(\Maps_c(X \to T)),
  1161 \]
  1161 \]
  1162 where $\Maps_c$ denotes continuous maps restricting to $c$ on the boundary,
  1162 where $\Maps_c$ denotes continuous maps restricting to $c$ on the boundary,
  1163 and $C_*$ denotes singular chains.
  1163 and $C_*$ denotes singular chains.
  1164 Alternatively, if we take the $n$-morphisms to be simply $\Maps_c(X \to T)$, 
  1164 Alternatively, if we take the $n$-morphisms to be simply $\Maps_c(X \to T)$, 
  1165 we get an $A_\infty$ disk-like $n$-category enriched over spaces.
  1165 we get an $A_\infty$ $n$-category enriched over spaces.
  1166 \end{example}
  1166 \end{example}
  1167 
  1167 
  1168 See also Theorem \ref{thm:map-recon} below, recovering $C_*(\Maps(M \to T))$ up to 
  1168 See also Theorem \ref{thm:map-recon} below, recovering $C_*(\Maps(M \to T))$ up to 
  1169 homotopy as the blob complex of $M$ with coefficients in $\pi^\infty_{\le n}(T)$.
  1169 homotopy as the blob complex of $M$ with coefficients in $\pi^\infty_{\le n}(T)$.
  1170 
  1170 
  1171 \begin{example}[Blob complexes of balls (with a fiber)]
  1171 \begin{example}[Blob complexes of balls (with a fiber)]
  1172 \rm
  1172 \rm
  1173 \label{ex:blob-complexes-of-balls}
  1173 \label{ex:blob-complexes-of-balls}
  1174 Fix an $n{-}k$-dimensional manifold $F$ and an $n$-dimensional system of fields $\cE$.
  1174 Fix an $n{-}k$-dimensional manifold $F$ and an $n$-dimensional system of fields $\cE$.
  1175 We will define an $A_\infty$ disk-like $k$-category $\cC$.
  1175 We will define an $A_\infty$ $k$-category $\cC$.
  1176 When $X$ is an $m$-ball, with $m<k$, define $\cC(X) = \cE(X\times F)$.
  1176 When $X$ is an $m$-ball, with $m<k$, define $\cC(X) = \cE(X\times F)$.
  1177 When $X$ is a $k$-ball,
  1177 When $X$ is a $k$-ball,
  1178 define $\cC(X; c) = \bc^\cE_*(X\times F; c)$
  1178 define $\cC(X; c) = \bc^\cE_*(X\times F; c)$
  1179 where $\bc^\cE_*$ denotes the blob complex based on $\cE$.
  1179 where $\bc^\cE_*$ denotes the blob complex based on $\cE$.
  1180 \end{example}
  1180 \end{example}
  1181 
  1181 
  1182 This example will be used in Theorem \ref{thm:product} below, which allows us to compute the blob complex of a product.
  1182 This example will be used in Theorem \ref{thm:product} below, which allows us to compute the blob complex of a product.
  1183 Notice that with $F$ a point, the above example is a construction turning an ordinary disk-like
  1183 Notice that with $F$ a point, the above example is a construction turning an ordinary 
  1184 $n$-category $\cC$ into an $A_\infty$ disk-like $n$-category.
  1184 $n$-category $\cC$ into an $A_\infty$ $n$-category.
  1185 We think of this as providing a ``free resolution" 
  1185 We think of this as providing a ``free resolution" 
  1186 of the ordinary disk-like $n$-category. 
  1186 of the ordinary $n$-category. 
  1187 %\nn{say something about cofibrant replacements?}
  1187 %\nn{say something about cofibrant replacements?}
  1188 In fact, there is also a trivial, but mostly uninteresting, way to do this: 
  1188 In fact, there is also a trivial, but mostly uninteresting, way to do this: 
  1189 we can think of each vector space associated to an $n$-ball as a chain complex concentrated in degree $0$, 
  1189 we can think of each vector space associated to an $n$-ball as a chain complex concentrated in degree $0$, 
  1190 and take $\CD{B}$ to act trivially. 
  1190 and take $\CD{B}$ to act trivially. 
  1191 
  1191 
  1192 Beware that the ``free resolution" of the ordinary disk-like $n$-category $\pi_{\leq n}(T)$ 
  1192 Beware that the ``free resolution" of the ordinary $n$-category $\pi_{\leq n}(T)$ 
  1193 is not the $A_\infty$ disk-like $n$-category $\pi^\infty_{\leq n}(T)$.
  1193 is not the $A_\infty$ $n$-category $\pi^\infty_{\leq n}(T)$.
  1194 It's easy to see that with $n=0$, the corresponding system of fields is just 
  1194 It's easy to see that with $n=0$, the corresponding system of fields is just 
  1195 linear combinations of connected components of $T$, and the local relations are trivial.
  1195 linear combinations of connected components of $T$, and the local relations are trivial.
  1196 There's no way for the blob complex to magically recover all the data of $\pi^\infty_{\leq 0}(T) \iso C_* T$.
  1196 There's no way for the blob complex to magically recover all the data of $\pi^\infty_{\leq 0}(T) \iso C_* T$.
  1197 
  1197 
  1198 \begin{example}[The bordism $n$-category of $d$-manifolds, $A_\infty$ version]
  1198 \begin{example}[The bordism $n$-category of $d$-manifolds, $A_\infty$ version]
  1232 \rm
  1232 \rm
  1233 \label{ex:e-n-alg}
  1233 \label{ex:e-n-alg}
  1234 Let $A$ be an $\cE\cB_n$-algebra.
  1234 Let $A$ be an $\cE\cB_n$-algebra.
  1235 Note that this implies a $\Diff(B^n)$ action on $A$, 
  1235 Note that this implies a $\Diff(B^n)$ action on $A$, 
  1236 since $\cE\cB_n$ contains a copy of $\Diff(B^n)$.
  1236 since $\cE\cB_n$ contains a copy of $\Diff(B^n)$.
  1237 We will define a strict $A_\infty$ disk-like $n$-category $\cC^A$.
  1237 We will define a strict $A_\infty$ $n$-category $\cC^A$.
  1238 (We enrich in topological spaces, though this could easily be adapted to, say, chain complexes.)
  1238 (We enrich in topological spaces, though this could easily be adapted to, say, chain complexes.)
  1239 If $X$ is a ball of dimension $k<n$, define $\cC^A(X)$ to be a point.
  1239 If $X$ is a ball of dimension $k<n$, define $\cC^A(X)$ to be a point.
  1240 In other words, the $k$-morphisms are trivial for $k<n$.
  1240 In other words, the $k$-morphisms are trivial for $k<n$.
  1241 If $X$ is an $n$-ball, we define $\cC^A(X)$ via a colimit construction.
  1241 If $X$ is an $n$-ball, we define $\cC^A(X)$ via a colimit construction.
  1242 (Plain colimit, not homotopy colimit.)
  1242 (Plain colimit, not homotopy colimit.)
  1245 embedded balls into a single larger embedded ball.
  1245 embedded balls into a single larger embedded ball.
  1246 To each object of $J$ we associate $A^{\times m}$ (where $m$ is the number of balls), and
  1246 To each object of $J$ we associate $A^{\times m}$ (where $m$ is the number of balls), and
  1247 to each morphism of $J$ we associate a morphism coming from the $\cE\cB_n$ action on $A$.
  1247 to each morphism of $J$ we associate a morphism coming from the $\cE\cB_n$ action on $A$.
  1248 Alternatively and more simply, we could define $\cC^A(X)$ to be 
  1248 Alternatively and more simply, we could define $\cC^A(X)$ to be 
  1249 $\Diff(B^n\to X)\times A$ modulo the diagonal action of $\Diff(B^n)$.
  1249 $\Diff(B^n\to X)\times A$ modulo the diagonal action of $\Diff(B^n)$.
  1250 The remaining data for the $A_\infty$ disk-like $n$-category 
  1250 The remaining data for the $A_\infty$ $n$-category 
  1251 --- composition and $\Diff(X\to X')$ action ---
  1251 --- composition and $\Diff(X\to X')$ action ---
  1252 also comes from the $\cE\cB_n$ action on $A$.
  1252 also comes from the $\cE\cB_n$ action on $A$.
  1253 %\nn{should we spell this out?}
  1253 %\nn{should we spell this out?}
  1254 
  1254 
  1255 Conversely, one can show that a strict $A_\infty$  disk-like $n$-category $\cC$, where the $k$-morphisms
  1255 Conversely, one can show that a disk-like strict $A_\infty$ $n$-category $\cC$, where the $k$-morphisms
  1256 $\cC(X)$ are trivial (single point) for $k<n$, gives rise to 
  1256 $\cC(X)$ are trivial (single point) for $k<n$, gives rise to 
  1257 an $\cE\cB_n$-algebra.
  1257 an $\cE\cB_n$-algebra.
  1258 %\nn{The paper is already long; is it worth giving details here?}
  1258 %\nn{The paper is already long; is it worth giving details here?}
  1259 % According to the referee, yes it is...
  1259 % According to the referee, yes it is...
  1260 Let $A = \cC(B^n)$, where $B^n$ is the standard $n$-ball.
  1260 Let $A = \cC(B^n)$, where $B^n$ is the standard $n$-ball.
  1275 \end{example}
  1275 \end{example}
  1276 
  1276 
  1277 
  1277 
  1278 \subsection{From balls to manifolds}
  1278 \subsection{From balls to manifolds}
  1279 \label{ss:ncat_fields} \label{ss:ncat-coend}
  1279 \label{ss:ncat_fields} \label{ss:ncat-coend}
  1280 In this section we show how to extend a disk-like $n$-category $\cC$ as described above 
  1280 In this section we show how to extend an $n$-category $\cC$ as described above 
  1281 (of either the ordinary or $A_\infty$ variety) to an invariant of manifolds, which we denote by $\cl{\cC}$.
  1281 (of either the ordinary or $A_\infty$ variety) to an invariant of manifolds, which we denote by $\cl{\cC}$.
  1282 This extension is a certain colimit, and the arrow in the notation is intended as a reminder of this.
  1282 This extension is a certain colimit, and the arrow in the notation is intended as a reminder of this.
  1283 
  1283 
  1284 In the case of ordinary disk-like $n$-categories, this construction factors into a construction of a 
  1284 In the case of ordinary $n$-categories, this construction factors into a construction of a 
  1285 system of fields and local relations, followed by the usual TQFT definition of a 
  1285 system of fields and local relations, followed by the usual TQFT definition of a 
  1286 vector space invariant of manifolds given as Definition \ref{defn:TQFT-invariant}.
  1286 vector space invariant of manifolds given as Definition \ref{defn:TQFT-invariant}.
  1287 For an $A_\infty$ disk-like $n$-category, $\cl{\cC}$ is defined using a homotopy colimit instead.
  1287 For an $A_\infty$ $n$-category, $\cl{\cC}$ is defined using a homotopy colimit instead.
  1288 Recall that we can take an ordinary disk-like $n$-category $\cC$ and pass to the ``free resolution", 
  1288 Recall that we can take an ordinary $n$-category $\cC$ and pass to the ``free resolution", 
  1289 an $A_\infty$ disk-like $n$-category $\bc_*(\cC)$, by computing the blob complex of balls 
  1289 an $A_\infty$ $n$-category $\bc_*(\cC)$, by computing the blob complex of balls 
  1290 (recall Example \ref{ex:blob-complexes-of-balls} above).
  1290 (recall Example \ref{ex:blob-complexes-of-balls} above).
  1291 We will show in Corollary \ref{cor:new-old} below that the homotopy colimit invariant 
  1291 We will show in Corollary \ref{cor:new-old} below that the homotopy colimit invariant 
  1292 for a manifold $M$ associated to this $A_\infty$ disk-like $n$-category is actually the 
  1292 for a manifold $M$ associated to this $A_\infty$ $n$-category is actually the 
  1293 same as the original blob complex for $M$ with coefficients in $\cC$.
  1293 same as the original blob complex for $M$ with coefficients in $\cC$.
  1294 
  1294 
  1295 Recall that we've already anticipated this construction Subsection \ref{ss:n-cat-def}, 
  1295 Recall that we've already anticipated this construction Subsection \ref{ss:n-cat-def}, 
  1296 inductively defining $\cl{\cC}$ on $k$-spheres in terms of $\cC$ on $k$-balls, 
  1296 inductively defining $\cl{\cC}$ on $k$-spheres in terms of $\cC$ on $k$-balls, 
  1297 so that we can state the boundary axiom for $\cC$ on $k+1$-balls.
  1297 so that we can state the boundary axiom for $\cC$ on $k+1$-balls.
  1298 
  1298 
  1299 \medskip
  1299 \medskip
  1300 
  1300 
  1301 We will first define the {\it decomposition poset} $\cell(W)$ for any $k$-manifold $W$, for $1 \leq k \leq n$. 
  1301 We will first define the {\it decomposition poset} $\cell(W)$ for any $k$-manifold $W$, for $1 \leq k \leq n$. 
  1302 A disk-like $n$-category $\cC$ provides a functor from this poset to the category of sets, 
  1302 An $n$-category $\cC$ provides a functor from this poset to the category of sets, 
  1303 and we  will define $\cl{\cC}(W)$ as a suitable colimit 
  1303 and we  will define $\cl{\cC}(W)$ as a suitable colimit 
  1304 (or homotopy colimit in the $A_\infty$ case) of this functor. 
  1304 (or homotopy colimit in the $A_\infty$ case) of this functor. 
  1305 We'll later give a more explicit description of this colimit.
  1305 We'll later give a more explicit description of this colimit.
  1306 In the case that the disk-like $n$-category $\cC$ is enriched (e.g. associates vector spaces or chain 
  1306 In the case that the $n$-category $\cC$ is enriched (e.g. associates vector spaces or chain 
  1307 complexes to $n$-balls with boundary data), 
  1307 complexes to $n$-balls with boundary data), 
  1308 then the resulting colimit is also enriched, that is, the set associated to $W$ splits into 
  1308 then the resulting colimit is also enriched, that is, the set associated to $W$ splits into 
  1309 subsets according to boundary data, and each of these subsets has the appropriate structure 
  1309 subsets according to boundary data, and each of these subsets has the appropriate structure 
  1310 (e.g. a vector space or chain complex).
  1310 (e.g. a vector space or chain complex).
  1311 
  1311 
  1352 \end{equation*}
  1352 \end{equation*}
  1353 \caption{A small part of $\cell(W)$}
  1353 \caption{A small part of $\cell(W)$}
  1354 \label{partofJfig}
  1354 \label{partofJfig}
  1355 \end{figure}
  1355 \end{figure}
  1356 
  1356 
  1357 A disk-like $n$-category $\cC$ determines 
  1357 An $n$-category $\cC$ determines 
  1358 a functor $\psi_{\cC;W}$ from $\cell(W)$ to the category of sets 
  1358 a functor $\psi_{\cC;W}$ from $\cell(W)$ to the category of sets 
  1359 (possibly with additional structure if $k=n$).
  1359 (possibly with additional structure if $k=n$).
  1360 Let $x = \{X_a\}$ be a permissible decomposition of $W$ (i.e.\ object of $\cD(W)$).
  1360 Let $x = \{X_a\}$ be a permissible decomposition of $W$ (i.e.\ object of $\cD(W)$).
  1361 We will define $\psi_{\cC;W}(x)$ to be a certain subset of $\prod_a \cC(X_a)$.
  1361 We will define $\psi_{\cC;W}(x)$ to be a certain subset of $\prod_a \cC(X_a)$.
  1362 Roughly speaking, $\psi_{\cC;W}(x)$ is the subset where the restriction maps from
  1362 Roughly speaking, $\psi_{\cC;W}(x)$ is the subset where the restriction maps from
  1420 
  1420 
  1421 Finally, we construct $\cl{\cC}(W)$ as the appropriate colimit of $\psi_{\cC;W}$:
  1421 Finally, we construct $\cl{\cC}(W)$ as the appropriate colimit of $\psi_{\cC;W}$:
  1422 
  1422 
  1423 \begin{defn}[System of fields functor]
  1423 \begin{defn}[System of fields functor]
  1424 \label{def:colim-fields}
  1424 \label{def:colim-fields}
  1425 If $\cC$ is a disk-like $n$-category enriched in sets or vector spaces, $\cl{\cC}(W)$ is the usual colimit of the functor $\psi_{\cC;W}$.
  1425 If $\cC$ is an $n$-category enriched in sets or vector spaces, $\cl{\cC}(W)$ is the usual colimit of the functor $\psi_{\cC;W}$.
  1426 That is, for each decomposition $x$ there is a map
  1426 That is, for each decomposition $x$ there is a map
  1427 $\psi_{\cC;W}(x)\to \cl{\cC}(W)$, these maps are compatible with the refinement maps
  1427 $\psi_{\cC;W}(x)\to \cl{\cC}(W)$, these maps are compatible with the refinement maps
  1428 above, and $\cl{\cC}(W)$ is universal with respect to these properties.
  1428 above, and $\cl{\cC}(W)$ is universal with respect to these properties.
  1429 \end{defn}
  1429 \end{defn}
  1430 
  1430 
  1431 \begin{defn}[System of fields functor, $A_\infty$ case]
  1431 \begin{defn}[System of fields functor, $A_\infty$ case]
  1432 When $\cC$ is an $A_\infty$ disk-like $n$-category, $\cl{\cC}(W)$ for $W$ a $k$-manifold with $k < n$ 
  1432 When $\cC$ is an $A_\infty$ $n$-category, $\cl{\cC}(W)$ for $W$ a $k$-manifold with $k < n$ 
  1433 is defined as above, as the colimit of $\psi_{\cC;W}$.
  1433 is defined as above, as the colimit of $\psi_{\cC;W}$.
  1434 When $W$ is an $n$-manifold, the chain complex $\cl{\cC}(W)$ is the homotopy colimit of the functor $\psi_{\cC;W}$.
  1434 When $W$ is an $n$-manifold, the chain complex $\cl{\cC}(W)$ is the homotopy colimit of the functor $\psi_{\cC;W}$.
  1435 \end{defn}
  1435 \end{defn}
  1436 
  1436 
  1437 %We can specify boundary data $c \in \cl{\cC}(\bdy W)$, and define functors $\psi_{\cC;W,c}$ 
  1437 %We can specify boundary data $c \in \cl{\cC}(\bdy W)$, and define functors $\psi_{\cC;W,c}$ 
  1603 %\nn{need to finish explaining why we have a system of fields;
  1603 %\nn{need to finish explaining why we have a system of fields;
  1604 %define $k$-cat $\cC(\cdot\times W)$}
  1604 %define $k$-cat $\cC(\cdot\times W)$}
  1605 
  1605 
  1606 \subsection{Modules}
  1606 \subsection{Modules}
  1607 \label{sec:modules}
  1607 \label{sec:modules}
  1608 Next we define ordinary and $A_\infty$ disk-like $n$-category modules.
  1608 Next we define ordinary and $A_\infty$ $n$-category modules.
  1609 The definition will be very similar to that of disk-like $n$-categories,
  1609 The definition will be very similar to that of $n$-categories,
  1610 but with $k$-balls replaced by {\it marked $k$-balls,} defined below.
  1610 but with $k$-balls replaced by {\it marked $k$-balls,} defined below.
  1611 
  1611 
  1612 Our motivating example comes from an $(m{-}n{+}1)$-dimensional manifold $W$ with boundary
  1612 Our motivating example comes from an $(m{-}n{+}1)$-dimensional manifold $W$ with boundary
  1613 in the context of an $m{+}1$-dimensional TQFT.
  1613 in the context of an $m{+}1$-dimensional TQFT.
  1614 Such a $W$ gives rise to a module for the disk-like $n$-category associated to $\bd W$.
  1614 Such a $W$ gives rise to a module for the $n$-category associated to $\bd W$.
  1615 This will be explained in more detail as we present the axioms.
  1615 This will be explained in more detail as we present the axioms.
  1616 
  1616 
  1617 Throughout, we fix a disk-like $n$-category $\cC$.
  1617 Throughout, we fix an $n$-category $\cC$.
  1618 For all but one axiom, it doesn't matter whether $\cC$ is an ordinary $n$-category or an $A_\infty$ $n$-category.
  1618 For all but one axiom, it doesn't matter whether $\cC$ is an ordinary $n$-category or an $A_\infty$ $n$-category.
  1619 We state the final axiom, regarding actions of homeomorphisms, differently in the two cases.
  1619 We state the final axiom, regarding actions of homeomorphisms, differently in the two cases.
  1620 
  1620 
  1621 Define a {\it marked $k$-ball} to be a pair $(B, N)$ homeomorphic to the pair
  1621 Define a {\it marked $k$-ball} to be a pair $(B, N)$ homeomorphic to the pair
  1622 $$(\text{standard $k$-ball}, \text{northern hemisphere in boundary of standard $k$-ball}).$$
  1622 $$(\text{standard $k$-ball}, \text{northern hemisphere in boundary of standard $k$-ball}).$$
  1668 These maps, for various $M$, comprise a natural transformation of functors.}
  1668 These maps, for various $M$, comprise a natural transformation of functors.}
  1669 \end{module-axiom}
  1669 \end{module-axiom}
  1670 
  1670 
  1671 Given $c\in\cl\cM(\bd M)$, let $\cM(M; c) \deq \bd^{-1}(c)$.
  1671 Given $c\in\cl\cM(\bd M)$, let $\cM(M; c) \deq \bd^{-1}(c)$.
  1672 
  1672 
  1673 If the disk-like $n$-category $\cC$ is enriched over some other category (e.g.\ vector spaces),
  1673 If the $n$-category $\cC$ is enriched over some other category (e.g.\ vector spaces),
  1674 then for each marked $n$-ball $M=(B,N)$ and $c\in \cC(\bd B \setminus N)$, the set $\cM(M; c)$ should be an object in that category.
  1674 then for each marked $n$-ball $M=(B,N)$ and $c\in \cC(\bd B \setminus N)$, the set $\cM(M; c)$ should be an object in that category.
  1675 
  1675 
  1676 \begin{lem}[Boundary from domain and range]
  1676 \begin{lem}[Boundary from domain and range]
  1677 \label{lem:module-boundary}
  1677 \label{lem:module-boundary}
  1678 {Let $H = M_1 \cup_E M_2$, where $H$ is a marked $k{-}1$-hemisphere ($1\le k\le n$),
  1678 {Let $H = M_1 \cup_E M_2$, where $H$ is a marked $k{-}1$-hemisphere ($1\le k\le n$),
  1901 \]
  1901 \]
  1902 ($Y$ could be either a marked or plain ball.)
  1902 ($Y$ could be either a marked or plain ball.)
  1903 \end{enumerate}
  1903 \end{enumerate}
  1904 \end{module-axiom}
  1904 \end{module-axiom}
  1905 
  1905 
  1906 As in the disk-like $n$-category definition, once we have product morphisms we can define
  1906 As in the $n$-category definition, once we have product morphisms we can define
  1907 collar maps $\cM(M)\to \cM(M)$.
  1907 collar maps $\cM(M)\to \cM(M)$.
  1908 Note that there are two cases:
  1908 Note that there are two cases:
  1909 the collar could intersect the marking of the marked ball $M$, in which case
  1909 the collar could intersect the marking of the marked ball $M$, in which case
  1910 we use a product on a morphism of $\cM$; or the collar could be disjoint from the marking,
  1910 we use a product on a morphism of $\cM$; or the collar could be disjoint from the marking,
  1911 in which case we use a product on a morphism of $\cC$.
  1911 in which case we use a product on a morphism of $\cC$.
  1914 $a$ along a map associated to $\pi$.
  1914 $a$ along a map associated to $\pi$.
  1915 
  1915 
  1916 \medskip
  1916 \medskip
  1917 
  1917 
  1918 There are two alternatives for the next axiom, according whether we are defining
  1918 There are two alternatives for the next axiom, according whether we are defining
  1919 modules for ordinary or $A_\infty$ disk-like $n$-categories.
  1919 modules for ordinary $n$-categories or $A_\infty$ $n$-categories.
  1920 In the ordinary case we require
  1920 In the ordinary case we require
  1921 
  1921 
  1922 \begin{module-axiom}[\textup{\textbf{[ordinary version]}} Extended isotopy invariance in dimension $n$]
  1922 \begin{module-axiom}[\textup{\textbf{[ordinary version]}} Extended isotopy invariance in dimension $n$]
  1923 {Let $M$ be a marked $n$-ball and $f: M\to M$ be a homeomorphism which restricts
  1923 {Let $M$ be a marked $n$-ball and $f: M\to M$ be a homeomorphism which restricts
  1924 to the identity on $\bd M$ and is isotopic (rel boundary) to the identity.
  1924 to the identity on $\bd M$ and is isotopic (rel boundary) to the identity.
  1947 
  1947 
  1948 As with the $n$-category version of the above axiom, we should also have families of collar maps act.
  1948 As with the $n$-category version of the above axiom, we should also have families of collar maps act.
  1949 
  1949 
  1950 \medskip
  1950 \medskip
  1951 
  1951 
  1952 Note that the above axioms imply that a disk-like $n$-category module has the structure
  1952 Note that the above axioms imply that an $n$-category module has the structure
  1953 of a disk-like $n{-}1$-category.
  1953 of an $n{-}1$-category.
  1954 More specifically, let $J$ be a marked 1-ball, and define $\cE(X)\deq \cM(X\times J)$,
  1954 More specifically, let $J$ be a marked 1-ball, and define $\cE(X)\deq \cM(X\times J)$,
  1955 where $X$ is a $k$-ball and in the product $X\times J$ we pinch 
  1955 where $X$ is a $k$-ball and in the product $X\times J$ we pinch 
  1956 above the non-marked boundary component of $J$.
  1956 above the non-marked boundary component of $J$.
  1957 (More specifically, we collapse $X\times P$ to a single point, where
  1957 (More specifically, we collapse $X\times P$ to a single point, where
  1958 $P$ is the non-marked boundary component of $J$.)
  1958 $P$ is the non-marked boundary component of $J$.)
  1959 Then $\cE$ has the structure of a disk-like $n{-}1$-category.
  1959 Then $\cE$ has the structure of an $n{-}1$-category.
  1960 
  1960 
  1961 All marked $k$-balls are homeomorphic, unless $k = 1$ and our manifolds
  1961 All marked $k$-balls are homeomorphic, unless $k = 1$ and our manifolds
  1962 are oriented or Spin (but not unoriented or $\text{Pin}_\pm$).
  1962 are oriented or Spin (but not unoriented or $\text{Pin}_\pm$).
  1963 In this case ($k=1$ and oriented or Spin), there are two types
  1963 In this case ($k=1$ and oriented or Spin), there are two types
  1964 of marked 1-balls, call them left-marked and right-marked,
  1964 of marked 1-balls, call them left-marked and right-marked,
  1966 In all other cases ($k>1$ or unoriented or $\text{Pin}_\pm$),
  1966 In all other cases ($k>1$ or unoriented or $\text{Pin}_\pm$),
  1967 there is no left/right module distinction.
  1967 there is no left/right module distinction.
  1968 
  1968 
  1969 \medskip
  1969 \medskip
  1970 
  1970 
  1971 We now give some examples of modules over ordinary and $A_\infty$ disk-like $n$-categories.
  1971 We now give some examples of modules over ordinary and $A_\infty$ $n$-categories.
  1972 
  1972 
  1973 \begin{example}[Examples from TQFTs]
  1973 \begin{example}[Examples from TQFTs]
  1974 \rm
  1974 \rm
  1975 Continuing Example \ref{ex:ncats-from-tqfts}, with $\cF$ a TQFT, $W$ an $n{-}j$-manifold,
  1975 Continuing Example \ref{ex:ncats-from-tqfts}, with $\cF$ a TQFT, $W$ an $n{-}j$-manifold,
  1976 and $\cF(W)$ the disk-like $j$-category associated to $W$.
  1976 and $\cF(W)$ the $j$-category associated to $W$.
  1977 Let $Y$ be an $(n{-}j{+}1)$-manifold with $\bd Y = W$.
  1977 Let $Y$ be an $(n{-}j{+}1)$-manifold with $\bd Y = W$.
  1978 Define a $\cF(W)$ module $\cF(Y)$ as follows.
  1978 Define a $\cF(W)$ module $\cF(Y)$ as follows.
  1979 If $M = (B, N)$ is a marked $k$-ball with $k<j$ let 
  1979 If $M = (B, N)$ is a marked $k$-ball with $k<j$ let 
  1980 $\cF(Y)(M)\deq \cF((B\times W) \cup (N\times Y))$.
  1980 $\cF(Y)(M)\deq \cF((B\times W) \cup (N\times Y))$.
  1981 If $M = (B, N)$ is a marked $j$-ball and $c\in \cl{\cF(Y)}(\bd M)$ let
  1981 If $M = (B, N)$ is a marked $j$-ball and $c\in \cl{\cF(Y)}(\bd M)$ let
  1984 
  1984 
  1985 \begin{example}[Examples from the blob complex] \label{bc-module-example}
  1985 \begin{example}[Examples from the blob complex] \label{bc-module-example}
  1986 \rm
  1986 \rm
  1987 In the previous example, we can instead define
  1987 In the previous example, we can instead define
  1988 $\cF(Y)(M)\deq \bc_*((B\times W) \cup (N\times Y), c; \cF)$ (when $\dim(M) = n$)
  1988 $\cF(Y)(M)\deq \bc_*((B\times W) \cup (N\times Y), c; \cF)$ (when $\dim(M) = n$)
  1989 and get a module for the $A_\infty$ disk-like $n$-category associated to $\cF$ as in 
  1989 and get a module for the $A_\infty$ $n$-category associated to $\cF$ as in 
  1990 Example \ref{ex:blob-complexes-of-balls}.
  1990 Example \ref{ex:blob-complexes-of-balls}.
  1991 \end{example}
  1991 \end{example}
  1992 
  1992 
  1993 
  1993 
  1994 \begin{example}
  1994 \begin{example}
  2009 
  2009 
  2010 
  2010 
  2011 \subsection{Modules as boundary labels (colimits for decorated manifolds)}
  2011 \subsection{Modules as boundary labels (colimits for decorated manifolds)}
  2012 \label{moddecss}
  2012 \label{moddecss}
  2013 
  2013 
  2014 Fix an ordinary or $A_\infty$ disk-like $n$-category  $\cC$.
  2014 Fix an ordinary $n$-category or $A_\infty$ $n$-category  $\cC$.
  2015 Let $W$ be a $k$-manifold ($k\le n$),
  2015 Let $W$ be a $k$-manifold ($k\le n$),
  2016 let $\{Y_i\}$ be a collection of disjoint codimension 0 submanifolds of $\bd W$,
  2016 let $\{Y_i\}$ be a collection of disjoint codimension 0 submanifolds of $\bd W$,
  2017 and let $\cN = (\cN_i)$ be an assignment of a $\cC$ module $\cN_i$ to $Y_i$.
  2017 and let $\cN = (\cN_i)$ be an assignment of a $\cC$ module $\cN_i$ to $Y_i$.
  2018 
  2018 
  2019 We will define a set $\cC(W, \cN)$ using a colimit construction very similar to 
  2019 We will define a set $\cC(W, \cN)$ using a colimit construction very similar to 
  2065 
  2065 
  2066 If $D$ is an $m$-ball, $0\le m \le n-k$, then we can similarly define
  2066 If $D$ is an $m$-ball, $0\le m \le n-k$, then we can similarly define
  2067 $\cC(D\times W, \cN)$, where in this case $\cN_i$ labels the submanifold 
  2067 $\cC(D\times W, \cN)$, where in this case $\cN_i$ labels the submanifold 
  2068 $D\times Y_i \sub \bd(D\times W)$.
  2068 $D\times Y_i \sub \bd(D\times W)$.
  2069 It is not hard to see that the assignment $D \mapsto \cC(D\times W, \cN)$
  2069 It is not hard to see that the assignment $D \mapsto \cC(D\times W, \cN)$
  2070 has the structure of a disk-like $n{-}k$-category.
  2070 has the structure of an $n{-}k$-category.
  2071 
  2071 
  2072 \medskip
  2072 \medskip
  2073 
  2073 
  2074 We will use a simple special case of the above 
  2074 We will use a simple special case of the above 
  2075 construction to define tensor products 
  2075 construction to define tensor products 
  2076 of modules.
  2076 of modules.
  2077 Let $\cM_1$ and $\cM_2$ be modules for a disk-like $n$-category $\cC$.
  2077 Let $\cM_1$ and $\cM_2$ be modules for an $n$-category $\cC$.
  2078 (If $k=1$ and our manifolds are oriented, then one should be 
  2078 (If $k=1$ and our manifolds are oriented, then one should be 
  2079 a left module and the other a right module.)
  2079 a left module and the other a right module.)
  2080 Choose a 1-ball $J$, and label the two boundary points of $J$ by $\cM_1$ and $\cM_2$.
  2080 Choose a 1-ball $J$, and label the two boundary points of $J$ by $\cM_1$ and $\cM_2$.
  2081 Define the tensor product $\cM_1 \tensor \cM_2$ to be the 
  2081 Define the tensor product $\cM_1 \tensor \cM_2$ to be the 
  2082 disk-like $n{-}1$-category associated as above to $J$ with its boundary labeled by $\cM_1$ and $\cM_2$.
  2082 $n{-}1$-category associated as above to $J$ with its boundary labeled by $\cM_1$ and $\cM_2$.
  2083 This of course depends (functorially)
  2083 This of course depends (functorially)
  2084 on the choice of 1-ball $J$.
  2084 on the choice of 1-ball $J$.
  2085 
  2085 
  2086 We will define a more general self tensor product (categorified coend) below.
  2086 We will define a more general self tensor product (categorified coend) below.
  2087 
  2087