text/ncat.tex
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     1 %!TEX root = ../blob1.tex
     1 %!TEX root = ../blob1.tex
     2 
     2 
     3 \def\xxpar#1#2{\smallskip\noindent{\bf #1} {\it #2} \smallskip}
     3 \def\xxpar#1#2{\smallskip\noindent{\bf #1} {\it #2} \smallskip}
     4 \def\mmpar#1#2#3{\smallskip\noindent{\bf #1} (#2). {\it #3} \smallskip}
     4 \def\mmpar#1#2#3{\smallskip\noindent{\bf #1} (#2). {\it #3} \smallskip}
     5 
     5 
     6 \section{Disk-like \texorpdfstring{$n$}{n}-categories and their modules}
     6 \section{\texorpdfstring{$n$}{n}-categories and their modules}
     7 \label{sec:ncats}
     7 \label{sec:ncats}
     8 
     8 
     9 \subsection{Definition of disk-like \texorpdfstring{$n$}{n}-categories}
     9 \subsection{Definition of \texorpdfstring{$n$}{n}-categories}
    10 \label{ss:n-cat-def}
    10 \label{ss:n-cat-def}
    11 
    11 
    12 Before proceeding, we need more appropriate definitions of $n$-categories, 
    12 Before proceeding, we need more appropriate definitions of $n$-categories, 
    13 $A_\infty$ $n$-categories, as well as modules for these, and tensor products of these modules.
    13 $A_\infty$ $n$-categories, as well as modules for these, and tensor products of these modules.
    14 (As is the case throughout this paper, by ``$n$-category" we mean some notion of
    14 (As is the case throughout this paper, by ``$n$-category" we mean some notion of
    30 %\nn{Say something explicit about Lurie's work here? 
    30 %\nn{Say something explicit about Lurie's work here? 
    31 %It seems like this was something that Dan Freed wanted explaining when we talked to him in Aspen}
    31 %It seems like this was something that Dan Freed wanted explaining when we talked to him in Aspen}
    32 
    32 
    33 \medskip
    33 \medskip
    34 
    34 
    35 The axioms for a disk-like $n$-category are spread throughout this section.
    35 The axioms for an $n$-category are spread throughout this section.
    36 Collecting these together, a disk-like $n$-category is a gadget satisfying Axioms \ref{axiom:morphisms}, 
    36 Collecting these together, an $n$-category is a gadget satisfying Axioms \ref{axiom:morphisms}, 
    37 \ref{nca-boundary}, \ref{axiom:composition},  \ref{nca-assoc}, \ref{axiom:product}, \ref{axiom:extended-isotopies} and  \ref{axiom:vcones}.
    37 \ref{nca-boundary}, \ref{axiom:composition},  \ref{nca-assoc}, \ref{axiom:product}, \ref{axiom:extended-isotopies} and  \ref{axiom:vcones}.
    38 For an enriched disk-like $n$-category we add Axiom \ref{axiom:enriched}.
    38 For an enriched $n$-category we add Axiom \ref{axiom:enriched}.
    39 For an $A_\infty$ disk-like $n$-category, we replace 
    39 For an $A_\infty$ $n$-category, we replace 
    40 Axiom \ref{axiom:extended-isotopies} with Axiom \ref{axiom:families}.
    40 Axiom \ref{axiom:extended-isotopies} with Axiom \ref{axiom:families}.
    41 
    41 
    42 Strictly speaking, before we can state the axioms for $k$-morphisms we need all the axioms 
    42 Strictly speaking, before we can state the axioms for $k$-morphisms we need all the axioms 
    43 for $k{-}1$-morphisms.
    43 for $k{-}1$-morphisms.
    44 Readers who prefer things to be presented in a strictly logical order should read this 
    44 Readers who prefer things to be presented in a strictly logical order should read this 
    86 They could be unoriented or oriented or Spin or $\mbox{Pin}_\pm$.
    86 They could be unoriented or oriented or Spin or $\mbox{Pin}_\pm$.
    87 They could be topological or PL or smooth.
    87 They could be topological or PL or smooth.
    88 %\nn{need to check whether this makes much difference}
    88 %\nn{need to check whether this makes much difference}
    89 (If smooth, ``homeomorphism" should be read ``diffeomorphism", and we would need
    89 (If smooth, ``homeomorphism" should be read ``diffeomorphism", and we would need
    90 to be fussier about corners and boundaries.)
    90 to be fussier about corners and boundaries.)
    91 For each flavor of manifold there is a corresponding flavor of disk-like $n$-category.
    91 For each flavor of manifold there is a corresponding flavor of $n$-category.
    92 For simplicity, we will concentrate on the case of PL unoriented manifolds.
    92 For simplicity, we will concentrate on the case of PL unoriented manifolds.
    93 
    93 
    94 An ambitious reader may want to keep in mind two other classes of balls.
    94 An ambitious reader may want to keep in mind two other classes of balls.
    95 The first is balls equipped with a map to some other space $Y$ (c.f. \cite{MR2079378}). 
    95 The first is balls equipped with a map to some other space $Y$ (c.f. \cite{MR2079378}). 
    96 This will be used below (see the end of \S \ref{ss:product-formula}) to describe the blob complex of a fiber bundle with
    96 This will be used below (see the end of \S \ref{ss:product-formula}) to describe the blob complex of a fiber bundle with
   805 decomposition which has common refinements with each of the original two decompositions.
   805 decomposition which has common refinements with each of the original two decompositions.
   806 
   806 
   807 
   807 
   808 \medskip
   808 \medskip
   809 
   809 
   810 This completes the definition of a disk-like $n$-category.
   810 This completes the definition of an $n$-category.
   811 Next we define enriched disk-like $n$-categories.
   811 Next we define enriched $n$-categories.
   812 
   812 
   813 \medskip
   813 \medskip
   814 
   814 
   815 
   815 
   816 Most of the examples of $n$-categories we are interested in are enriched in the following sense.
   816 Most of the examples of $n$-categories we are interested in are enriched in the following sense.
   835 \item topological spaces with product and disjoint union.
   835 \item topological spaces with product and disjoint union.
   836 \end{itemize}
   836 \end{itemize}
   837 For convenience, we will also assume that the objects of our auxiliary category are sets with extra structure.
   837 For convenience, we will also assume that the objects of our auxiliary category are sets with extra structure.
   838 (Otherwise, stating the axioms for identity morphisms becomes more cumbersome.)
   838 (Otherwise, stating the axioms for identity morphisms becomes more cumbersome.)
   839 
   839 
   840 Before stating the revised axioms for a disk-like $n$-category enriched in a distributive monoidal category,
   840 Before stating the revised axioms for an $n$-category enriched in a distributive monoidal category,
   841 we need a preliminary definition.
   841 we need a preliminary definition.
   842 Once we have the above $n$-category axioms for $n{-}1$-morphisms, we can define the 
   842 Once we have the above $n$-category axioms for $n{-}1$-morphisms, we can define the 
   843 category $\bbc$ of {\it $n$-balls with boundary conditions}.
   843 category $\bbc$ of {\it $n$-balls with boundary conditions}.
   844 Its objects are pairs $(X, c)$, where $X$ is an $n$-ball and $c \in \cl\cC(\bd X)$ is the ``boundary condition".
   844 Its objects are pairs $(X, c)$, where $X$ is an $n$-ball and $c \in \cl\cC(\bd X)$ is the ``boundary condition".
   845 The morphisms from $(X, c)$ to $(X', c')$, denoted $\Homeo(X,c; X', c')$, are
   845 The morphisms from $(X, c)$ to $(X', c')$, denoted $\Homeo(X,c; X', c')$, are
   846 homeomorphisms $f:X\to X'$ such that $f|_{\bd X}(c) = c'$.
   846 homeomorphisms $f:X\to X'$ such that $f|_{\bd X}(c) = c'$.
   847 %Let $\pi_0(\bbc)$ denote
   847 %Let $\pi_0(\bbc)$ denote
   848  
   848  
   849 \begin{axiom}[Enriched disk-like $n$-categories]
   849 \begin{axiom}[Enriched $n$-categories]
   850 \label{axiom:enriched}
   850 \label{axiom:enriched}
   851 Let $\cS$ be a distributive symmetric monoidal category.
   851 Let $\cS$ be a distributive symmetric monoidal category.
   852 A disk-like $n$-category enriched in $\cS$ satisfies the above $n$-category axioms for $k=0,\ldots,n-1$,
   852 An $n$-category enriched in $\cS$ satisfies the above $n$-category axioms for $k=0,\ldots,n-1$,
   853 and modifies the axioms for $k=n$ as follows:
   853 and modifies the axioms for $k=n$ as follows:
   854 \begin{itemize}
   854 \begin{itemize}
   855 \item Morphisms. We have a functor $\cC_n$ from $\bbc$ ($n$-balls with boundary conditions) to $\cS$.
   855 \item Morphisms. We have a functor $\cC_n$ from $\bbc$ ($n$-balls with boundary conditions) to $\cS$.
   856 %[already said this above.  ack]  Furthermore, $\cC_n(f)$ depends only on the path component of a homeomorphism $f: (X, c) \to (X', c')$.
   856 %[already said this above.  ack]  Furthermore, $\cC_n(f)$ depends only on the path component of a homeomorphism $f: (X, c) \to (X', c')$.
   857 %In particular, homeomorphisms which are isotopic to the identity rel boundary act trivially
   857 %In particular, homeomorphisms which are isotopic to the identity rel boundary act trivially
   873 
   873 
   874 When the enriching category $\cS$ is chain complexes or topological spaces,
   874 When the enriching category $\cS$ is chain complexes or topological spaces,
   875 or more generally an appropriate sort of $\infty$-category,
   875 or more generally an appropriate sort of $\infty$-category,
   876 we can modify the extended isotopy axiom \ref{axiom:extended-isotopies}
   876 we can modify the extended isotopy axiom \ref{axiom:extended-isotopies}
   877 to require that families of homeomorphisms act
   877 to require that families of homeomorphisms act
   878 and obtain what we shall call an $A_\infty$ disk-like $n$-category.
   878 and obtain what we shall call an $A_\infty$ $n$-category.
   879 
   879 
   880 \noop{
   880 \noop{
   881 We believe that abstract definitions should be guided by diverse collections
   881 We believe that abstract definitions should be guided by diverse collections
   882 of concrete examples, and a lack of diversity in our present collection of examples of $A_\infty$ $n$-categories
   882 of concrete examples, and a lack of diversity in our present collection of examples of $A_\infty$ $n$-categories
   883 makes us reluctant to commit to an all-encompassing general definition.
   883 makes us reluctant to commit to an all-encompassing general definition.
   926 In fact, compatibility implies less than this.
   926 In fact, compatibility implies less than this.
   927 For simplicity, assume that $\cJ$ is $C_*$, the singular chains functor.
   927 For simplicity, assume that $\cJ$ is $C_*$, the singular chains functor.
   928 (This is the example most relevant to this paper.)
   928 (This is the example most relevant to this paper.)
   929 Then compatibility implies that the action of $C_*(\Homeo(X,c; X', c'))$ agrees with the action
   929 Then compatibility implies that the action of $C_*(\Homeo(X,c; X', c'))$ agrees with the action
   930 of $C_0(\Homeo(X,c; X', c'))$ coming from Axiom \ref{axiom:morphisms}, so we only require associativity in degree zero.
   930 of $C_0(\Homeo(X,c; X', c'))$ coming from Axiom \ref{axiom:morphisms}, so we only require associativity in degree zero.
   931 And indeed, this is true for our main example of an $A_\infty$ disk-like $n$-category based on the blob construction.
   931 And indeed, this is true for our main example of an $A_\infty$ $n$-category based on the blob construction.
   932 Stating this sort of compatibility for general $\cS$ and $\cJ$ requires further assumptions, 
   932 Stating this sort of compatibility for general $\cS$ and $\cJ$ requires further assumptions, 
   933 such as the forgetful functor from $\cS$ to sets having a left adjoint, and $\cS$ having an internal Hom.
   933 such as the forgetful functor from $\cS$ to sets having a left adjoint, and $\cS$ having an internal Hom.
   934 
   934 
   935 An alternative (due to Peter Teichner) is to say that Axiom \ref{axiom:families} 
   935 An alternative (due to Peter Teichner) is to say that Axiom \ref{axiom:families} 
   936 supersedes the $k=n$ case of Axiom \ref{axiom:morphisms}; in dimension $n$ we just have a
   936 supersedes the $k=n$ case of Axiom \ref{axiom:morphisms}; in dimension $n$ we just have a
   948 gives $n$-categories as in Example \ref{ex:blob-complexes-of-balls} which satisfy this stronger axiom. 
   948 gives $n$-categories as in Example \ref{ex:blob-complexes-of-balls} which satisfy this stronger axiom. 
   949 %since that construction is only homotopy equivalent to the usual one, only the weaker axiom carries across.
   949 %since that construction is only homotopy equivalent to the usual one, only the weaker axiom carries across.
   950 For future reference we make the following definition.
   950 For future reference we make the following definition.
   951 
   951 
   952 \begin{defn}
   952 \begin{defn}
   953 A {\em strict $A_\infty$ disk-like $n$-category} is one in which the actions of Axiom \ref{axiom:families} are strictly associative.
   953 A {\em strict $A_\infty$ $n$-category} is one in which the actions of Axiom \ref{axiom:families} are strictly associative.
   954 \end{defn}
   954 \end{defn}
   955 
   955 
   956 \noop{
   956 \noop{
   957 Note that if we take homology of chain complexes, we turn an $A_\infty$ $n$-category
   957 Note that if we take homology of chain complexes, we turn an $A_\infty$ $n$-category
   958 into a ordinary $n$-category (enriched over graded groups).
   958 into a ordinary $n$-category (enriched over graded groups).
   964 }
   964 }
   965 
   965 
   966 
   966 
   967 \medskip
   967 \medskip
   968 
   968 
   969 We define a $j$ times monoidal disk-like $n$-category to be a disk-like $(n{+}j)$-category $\cC$ where
   969 We define a $j$ times monoidal $n$-category to be an $(n{+}j)$-category $\cC$ where
   970 $\cC(X)$ is a trivial 1-element set if $X$ is a $k$-ball with $k<j$.
   970 $\cC(X)$ is a trivial 1-element set if $X$ is a $k$-ball with $k<j$.
   971 See Example \ref{ex:bord-cat}.
   971 See Example \ref{ex:bord-cat}.
   972 
   972 
   973 \medskip
   973 \medskip
   974 
   974 
   975 The alert reader will have already noticed that our definition of an (ordinary) disk-like $n$-category
   975 The alert reader will have already noticed that our definition of an (ordinary) $n$-category
   976 is extremely similar to our definition of a system of fields.
   976 is extremely similar to our definition of a system of fields.
   977 There are two differences.
   977 There are two differences.
   978 First, for the $n$-category definition we restrict our attention to balls
   978 First, for the $n$-category definition we restrict our attention to balls
   979 (and their boundaries), while for fields we consider all manifolds.
   979 (and their boundaries), while for fields we consider all manifolds.
   980 Second,  in category definition we directly impose isotopy
   980 Second,  in category definition we directly impose isotopy
   981 invariance in dimension $n$, while in the fields definition we 
   981 invariance in dimension $n$, while in the fields definition we 
   982 instead remember a subspace of local relations which contain differences of isotopic fields. 
   982 instead remember a subspace of local relations which contain differences of isotopic fields. 
   983 (Recall that the compensation for this complication is that we can demand that the gluing map for fields is injective.)
   983 (Recall that the compensation for this complication is that we can demand that the gluing map for fields is injective.)
   984 Thus a system of fields and local relations $(\cF,U)$ determines a disk-like $n$-category $\cC_ {\cF,U}$ simply by restricting our attention to
   984 Thus a system of fields and local relations $(\cF,U)$ determines an $n$-category $\cC_ {\cF,U}$ simply by restricting our attention to
   985 balls and, at level $n$, quotienting out by the local relations:
   985 balls and, at level $n$, quotienting out by the local relations:
   986 \begin{align*}
   986 \begin{align*}
   987 \cC_{\cF,U}(B^k) & = \begin{cases}\cF(B) & \text{when $k<n$,} \\ \cF(B) / U(B) & \text{when $k=n$.}\end{cases}
   987 \cC_{\cF,U}(B^k) & = \begin{cases}\cF(B) & \text{when $k<n$,} \\ \cF(B) / U(B) & \text{when $k=n$.}\end{cases}
   988 \end{align*}
   988 \end{align*}
   989 This $n$-category can be thought of as the local part of the fields.
   989 This $n$-category can be thought of as the local part of the fields.
   993 \medskip
   993 \medskip
   994 
   994 
   995 In the $n$-category axioms above we have intermingled data and properties for expository reasons.
   995 In the $n$-category axioms above we have intermingled data and properties for expository reasons.
   996 Here's a summary of the definition which segregates the data from the properties.
   996 Here's a summary of the definition which segregates the data from the properties.
   997 
   997 
   998 A disk-like $n$-category consists of the following data:
   998 An $n$-category consists of the following data:
   999 \begin{itemize}
   999 \begin{itemize}
  1000 \item functors $\cC_k$ from $k$-balls to sets, $0\le k\le n$ (Axiom \ref{axiom:morphisms});
  1000 \item functors $\cC_k$ from $k$-balls to sets, $0\le k\le n$ (Axiom \ref{axiom:morphisms});
  1001 \item boundary natural transformations $\cC_k \to \cl{\cC}_{k-1} \circ \bd$ (Axiom \ref{nca-boundary});
  1001 \item boundary natural transformations $\cC_k \to \cl{\cC}_{k-1} \circ \bd$ (Axiom \ref{nca-boundary});
  1002 \item ``composition'' or ``gluing'' maps $\gl_Y : \cC(B_1)\trans E \times_{\cC(Y)} \cC(B_2)\trans E \to \cC(B_1\cup_Y B_2)\trans E$ (Axiom \ref{axiom:composition});
  1002 \item ``composition'' or ``gluing'' maps $\gl_Y : \cC(B_1)\trans E \times_{\cC(Y)} \cC(B_2)\trans E \to \cC(B_1\cup_Y B_2)\trans E$ (Axiom \ref{axiom:composition});
  1003 \item ``product'' or ``identity'' maps $\pi^*:\cC(X)\to \cC(E)$ for each pinched product $\pi:E\to X$ (Axiom \ref{axiom:product});
  1003 \item ``product'' or ``identity'' maps $\pi^*:\cC(X)\to \cC(E)$ for each pinched product $\pi:E\to X$ (Axiom \ref{axiom:product});
  1019 \item For ordinary categories, invariance of $n$-morphisms under extended isotopies 
  1019 \item For ordinary categories, invariance of $n$-morphisms under extended isotopies 
  1020 and collar maps (Axiom \ref{axiom:extended-isotopies}).
  1020 and collar maps (Axiom \ref{axiom:extended-isotopies}).
  1021 \end{itemize}
  1021 \end{itemize}
  1022 
  1022 
  1023 
  1023 
  1024 \subsection{Examples of disk-like \texorpdfstring{$n$}{n}-categories}
  1024 \subsection{Examples of \texorpdfstring{$n$}{n}-categories}
  1025 \label{ss:ncat-examples}
  1025 \label{ss:ncat-examples}
  1026 
  1026 
  1027 
  1027 
  1028 We now describe several classes of examples of $n$-categories satisfying our axioms.
  1028 We now describe several classes of examples of $n$-categories satisfying our axioms.
  1029 We typically specify only the morphisms; the rest of the data for the category
  1029 We typically specify only the morphisms; the rest of the data for the category
  1151 	C_*(\Maps_c(X \to T)),
  1151 	C_*(\Maps_c(X \to T)),
  1152 \]
  1152 \]
  1153 where $\Maps_c$ denotes continuous maps restricting to $c$ on the boundary,
  1153 where $\Maps_c$ denotes continuous maps restricting to $c$ on the boundary,
  1154 and $C_*$ denotes singular chains.
  1154 and $C_*$ denotes singular chains.
  1155 Alternatively, if we take the $n$-morphisms to be simply $\Maps_c(X \to T)$, 
  1155 Alternatively, if we take the $n$-morphisms to be simply $\Maps_c(X \to T)$, 
  1156 we get an $A_\infty$ disk-like $n$-category enriched over spaces.
  1156 we get an $A_\infty$ $n$-category enriched over spaces.
  1157 \end{example}
  1157 \end{example}
  1158 
  1158 
  1159 See also Theorem \ref{thm:map-recon} below, recovering $C_*(\Maps(M \to T))$ up to 
  1159 See also Theorem \ref{thm:map-recon} below, recovering $C_*(\Maps(M \to T))$ up to 
  1160 homotopy as the blob complex of $M$ with coefficients in $\pi^\infty_{\le n}(T)$.
  1160 homotopy as the blob complex of $M$ with coefficients in $\pi^\infty_{\le n}(T)$.
  1161 
  1161 
  1162 \begin{example}[Blob complexes of balls (with a fiber)]
  1162 \begin{example}[Blob complexes of balls (with a fiber)]
  1163 \rm
  1163 \rm
  1164 \label{ex:blob-complexes-of-balls}
  1164 \label{ex:blob-complexes-of-balls}
  1165 Fix an $n{-}k$-dimensional manifold $F$ and an $n$-dimensional system of fields $\cE$.
  1165 Fix an $n{-}k$-dimensional manifold $F$ and an $n$-dimensional system of fields $\cE$.
  1166 We will define an $A_\infty$ disk-like $k$-category $\cC$.
  1166 We will define an $A_\infty$ $k$-category $\cC$.
  1167 When $X$ is a $m$-ball, with $m<k$, define $\cC(X) = \cE(X\times F)$.
  1167 When $X$ is a $m$-ball, with $m<k$, define $\cC(X) = \cE(X\times F)$.
  1168 When $X$ is an $k$-ball,
  1168 When $X$ is an $k$-ball,
  1169 define $\cC(X; c) = \bc^\cE_*(X\times F; c)$
  1169 define $\cC(X; c) = \bc^\cE_*(X\times F; c)$
  1170 where $\bc^\cE_*$ denotes the blob complex based on $\cE$.
  1170 where $\bc^\cE_*$ denotes the blob complex based on $\cE$.
  1171 \end{example}
  1171 \end{example}
  1172 
  1172 
  1173 This example will be used in Theorem \ref{thm:product} below, which allows us to compute the blob complex of a product.
  1173 This example will be used in Theorem \ref{thm:product} below, which allows us to compute the blob complex of a product.
  1174 Notice that with $F$ a point, the above example is a construction turning an ordinary disk-like
  1174 Notice that with $F$ a point, the above example is a construction turning an ordinary 
  1175 $n$-category $\cC$ into an $A_\infty$ disk-like $n$-category.
  1175 $n$-category $\cC$ into an $A_\infty$ $n$-category.
  1176 We think of this as providing a ``free resolution" 
  1176 We think of this as providing a ``free resolution" 
  1177 of the ordinary disk-like $n$-category. 
  1177 of the ordinary $n$-category. 
  1178 %\nn{say something about cofibrant replacements?}
  1178 %\nn{say something about cofibrant replacements?}
  1179 In fact, there is also a trivial, but mostly uninteresting, way to do this: 
  1179 In fact, there is also a trivial, but mostly uninteresting, way to do this: 
  1180 we can think of each vector space associated to an $n$-ball as a chain complex concentrated in degree $0$, 
  1180 we can think of each vector space associated to an $n$-ball as a chain complex concentrated in degree $0$, 
  1181 and take $\CD{B}$ to act trivially. 
  1181 and take $\CD{B}$ to act trivially. 
  1182 
  1182 
  1183 Beware that the ``free resolution" of the ordinary disk-like $n$-category $\pi_{\leq n}(T)$ 
  1183 Beware that the ``free resolution" of the ordinary $n$-category $\pi_{\leq n}(T)$ 
  1184 is not the $A_\infty$ disk-like $n$-category $\pi^\infty_{\leq n}(T)$.
  1184 is not the $A_\infty$ $n$-category $\pi^\infty_{\leq n}(T)$.
  1185 It's easy to see that with $n=0$, the corresponding system of fields is just 
  1185 It's easy to see that with $n=0$, the corresponding system of fields is just 
  1186 linear combinations of connected components of $T$, and the local relations are trivial.
  1186 linear combinations of connected components of $T$, and the local relations are trivial.
  1187 There's no way for the blob complex to magically recover all the data of $\pi^\infty_{\leq 0}(T) \iso C_* T$.
  1187 There's no way for the blob complex to magically recover all the data of $\pi^\infty_{\leq 0}(T) \iso C_* T$.
  1188 
  1188 
  1189 \begin{example}[The bordism $n$-category of $d$-manifolds, $A_\infty$ version]
  1189 \begin{example}[The bordism $n$-category of $d$-manifolds, $A_\infty$ version]
  1223 \rm
  1223 \rm
  1224 \label{ex:e-n-alg}
  1224 \label{ex:e-n-alg}
  1225 Let $A$ be an $\cE\cB_n$-algebra.
  1225 Let $A$ be an $\cE\cB_n$-algebra.
  1226 Note that this implies a $\Diff(B^n)$ action on $A$, 
  1226 Note that this implies a $\Diff(B^n)$ action on $A$, 
  1227 since $\cE\cB_n$ contains a copy of $\Diff(B^n)$.
  1227 since $\cE\cB_n$ contains a copy of $\Diff(B^n)$.
  1228 We will define a strict $A_\infty$ disk-like $n$-category $\cC^A$.
  1228 We will define a strict $A_\infty$ $n$-category $\cC^A$.
  1229 If $X$ is a ball of dimension $k<n$, define $\cC^A(X)$ to be a point.
  1229 If $X$ is a ball of dimension $k<n$, define $\cC^A(X)$ to be a point.
  1230 In other words, the $k$-morphisms are trivial for $k<n$.
  1230 In other words, the $k$-morphisms are trivial for $k<n$.
  1231 If $X$ is an $n$-ball, we define $\cC^A(X)$ via a colimit construction.
  1231 If $X$ is an $n$-ball, we define $\cC^A(X)$ via a colimit construction.
  1232 (Plain colimit, not homotopy colimit.)
  1232 (Plain colimit, not homotopy colimit.)
  1233 Let $J$ be the category whose objects are embeddings of a disjoint union of copies of 
  1233 Let $J$ be the category whose objects are embeddings of a disjoint union of copies of 
  1235 embedded balls into a single larger embedded ball.
  1235 embedded balls into a single larger embedded ball.
  1236 To each object of $J$ we associate $A^{\times m}$ (where $m$ is the number of balls), and
  1236 To each object of $J$ we associate $A^{\times m}$ (where $m$ is the number of balls), and
  1237 to each morphism of $J$ we associate a morphism coming from the $\cE\cB_n$ action on $A$.
  1237 to each morphism of $J$ we associate a morphism coming from the $\cE\cB_n$ action on $A$.
  1238 Alternatively and more simply, we could define $\cC^A(X)$ to be 
  1238 Alternatively and more simply, we could define $\cC^A(X)$ to be 
  1239 $\Diff(B^n\to X)\times A$ modulo the diagonal action of $\Diff(B^n)$.
  1239 $\Diff(B^n\to X)\times A$ modulo the diagonal action of $\Diff(B^n)$.
  1240 The remaining data for the $A_\infty$ disk-like $n$-category 
  1240 The remaining data for the $A_\infty$ $n$-category 
  1241 --- composition and $\Diff(X\to X')$ action ---
  1241 --- composition and $\Diff(X\to X')$ action ---
  1242 also comes from the $\cE\cB_n$ action on $A$.
  1242 also comes from the $\cE\cB_n$ action on $A$.
  1243 %\nn{should we spell this out?}
  1243 %\nn{should we spell this out?}
  1244 
  1244 
  1245 Conversely, one can show that a strict $A_\infty$  disk-like $n$-category $\cC$, where the $k$-morphisms
  1245 Conversely, one can show that a disk-like strict $A_\infty$ $n$-category $\cC$, where the $k$-morphisms
  1246 $\cC(X)$ are trivial (single point) for $k<n$, gives rise to 
  1246 $\cC(X)$ are trivial (single point) for $k<n$, gives rise to 
  1247 an $\cE\cB_n$-algebra.
  1247 an $\cE\cB_n$-algebra.
  1248 %\nn{The paper is already long; is it worth giving details here?}
  1248 %\nn{The paper is already long; is it worth giving details here?}
  1249 % According to the referee, yes it is...
  1249 % According to the referee, yes it is...
  1250 Let $A = \cC(B^n)$, where $B^n$ is the standard $n$-ball.
  1250 Let $A = \cC(B^n)$, where $B^n$ is the standard $n$-ball.
  1255 \end{example}
  1255 \end{example}
  1256 
  1256 
  1257 
  1257 
  1258 \subsection{From balls to manifolds}
  1258 \subsection{From balls to manifolds}
  1259 \label{ss:ncat_fields} \label{ss:ncat-coend}
  1259 \label{ss:ncat_fields} \label{ss:ncat-coend}
  1260 In this section we show how to extend a disk-like $n$-category $\cC$ as described above 
  1260 In this section we show how to extend an $n$-category $\cC$ as described above 
  1261 (of either the ordinary or $A_\infty$ variety) to an invariant of manifolds, which we denote by $\cl{\cC}$.
  1261 (of either the ordinary or $A_\infty$ variety) to an invariant of manifolds, which we denote by $\cl{\cC}$.
  1262 This extension is a certain colimit, and the arrow in the notation is intended as a reminder of this.
  1262 This extension is a certain colimit, and the arrow in the notation is intended as a reminder of this.
  1263 
  1263 
  1264 In the case of ordinary disk-like $n$-categories, this construction factors into a construction of a 
  1264 In the case of ordinary $n$-categories, this construction factors into a construction of a 
  1265 system of fields and local relations, followed by the usual TQFT definition of a 
  1265 system of fields and local relations, followed by the usual TQFT definition of a 
  1266 vector space invariant of manifolds given as Definition \ref{defn:TQFT-invariant}.
  1266 vector space invariant of manifolds given as Definition \ref{defn:TQFT-invariant}.
  1267 For an $A_\infty$ disk-like $n$-category, $\cl{\cC}$ is defined using a homotopy colimit instead.
  1267 For an $A_\infty$ $n$-category, $\cl{\cC}$ is defined using a homotopy colimit instead.
  1268 Recall that we can take a ordinary disk-like $n$-category $\cC$ and pass to the ``free resolution", 
  1268 Recall that we can take a ordinary $n$-category $\cC$ and pass to the ``free resolution", 
  1269 an $A_\infty$ disk-like $n$-category $\bc_*(\cC)$, by computing the blob complex of balls 
  1269 an $A_\infty$ $n$-category $\bc_*(\cC)$, by computing the blob complex of balls 
  1270 (recall Example \ref{ex:blob-complexes-of-balls} above).
  1270 (recall Example \ref{ex:blob-complexes-of-balls} above).
  1271 We will show in Corollary \ref{cor:new-old} below that the homotopy colimit invariant 
  1271 We will show in Corollary \ref{cor:new-old} below that the homotopy colimit invariant 
  1272 for a manifold $M$ associated to this $A_\infty$ disk-like $n$-category is actually the 
  1272 for a manifold $M$ associated to this $A_\infty$ $n$-category is actually the 
  1273 same as the original blob complex for $M$ with coefficients in $\cC$.
  1273 same as the original blob complex for $M$ with coefficients in $\cC$.
  1274 
  1274 
  1275 Recall that we've already anticipated this construction Subsection \ref{ss:n-cat-def}, 
  1275 Recall that we've already anticipated this construction Subsection \ref{ss:n-cat-def}, 
  1276 inductively defining $\cl{\cC}$ on $k$-spheres in terms of $\cC$ on $k$-balls, 
  1276 inductively defining $\cl{\cC}$ on $k$-spheres in terms of $\cC$ on $k$-balls, 
  1277 so that we can state the boundary axiom for $\cC$ on $k+1$-balls.
  1277 so that we can state the boundary axiom for $\cC$ on $k+1$-balls.
  1278 
  1278 
  1279 \medskip
  1279 \medskip
  1280 
  1280 
  1281 We will first define the {\it decomposition poset} $\cell(W)$ for any $k$-manifold $W$, for $1 \leq k \leq n$. 
  1281 We will first define the {\it decomposition poset} $\cell(W)$ for any $k$-manifold $W$, for $1 \leq k \leq n$. 
  1282 A disk-like $n$-category $\cC$ provides a functor from this poset to the category of sets, 
  1282 An $n$-category $\cC$ provides a functor from this poset to the category of sets, 
  1283 and we  will define $\cl{\cC}(W)$ as a suitable colimit 
  1283 and we  will define $\cl{\cC}(W)$ as a suitable colimit 
  1284 (or homotopy colimit in the $A_\infty$ case) of this functor. 
  1284 (or homotopy colimit in the $A_\infty$ case) of this functor. 
  1285 We'll later give a more explicit description of this colimit.
  1285 We'll later give a more explicit description of this colimit.
  1286 In the case that the disk-like $n$-category $\cC$ is enriched (e.g. associates vector spaces or chain 
  1286 In the case that the $n$-category $\cC$ is enriched (e.g. associates vector spaces or chain 
  1287 complexes to $n$-balls with boundary data), 
  1287 complexes to $n$-balls with boundary data), 
  1288 then the resulting colimit is also enriched, that is, the set associated to $W$ splits into 
  1288 then the resulting colimit is also enriched, that is, the set associated to $W$ splits into 
  1289 subsets according to boundary data, and each of these subsets has the appropriate structure 
  1289 subsets according to boundary data, and each of these subsets has the appropriate structure 
  1290 (e.g. a vector space or chain complex).
  1290 (e.g. a vector space or chain complex).
  1291 
  1291 
  1332 \end{equation*}
  1332 \end{equation*}
  1333 \caption{A small part of $\cell(W)$}
  1333 \caption{A small part of $\cell(W)$}
  1334 \label{partofJfig}
  1334 \label{partofJfig}
  1335 \end{figure}
  1335 \end{figure}
  1336 
  1336 
  1337 A disk-like $n$-category $\cC$ determines 
  1337 An $n$-category $\cC$ determines 
  1338 a functor $\psi_{\cC;W}$ from $\cell(W)$ to the category of sets 
  1338 a functor $\psi_{\cC;W}$ from $\cell(W)$ to the category of sets 
  1339 (possibly with additional structure if $k=n$).
  1339 (possibly with additional structure if $k=n$).
  1340 Let $x = \{X_a\}$ be a permissible decomposition of $W$ (i.e.\ object of $\cD(W)$).
  1340 Let $x = \{X_a\}$ be a permissible decomposition of $W$ (i.e.\ object of $\cD(W)$).
  1341 We will define $\psi_{\cC;W}(x)$ to be a certain subset of $\prod_a \cC(X_a)$.
  1341 We will define $\psi_{\cC;W}(x)$ to be a certain subset of $\prod_a \cC(X_a)$.
  1342 Roughly speaking, $\psi_{\cC;W}(x)$ is the subset where the restriction maps from
  1342 Roughly speaking, $\psi_{\cC;W}(x)$ is the subset where the restriction maps from
  1400 
  1400 
  1401 Finally, we construct $\cl{\cC}(W)$ as the appropriate colimit of $\psi_{\cC;W}$:
  1401 Finally, we construct $\cl{\cC}(W)$ as the appropriate colimit of $\psi_{\cC;W}$:
  1402 
  1402 
  1403 \begin{defn}[System of fields functor]
  1403 \begin{defn}[System of fields functor]
  1404 \label{def:colim-fields}
  1404 \label{def:colim-fields}
  1405 If $\cC$ is a disk-like $n$-category enriched in sets or vector spaces, $\cl{\cC}(W)$ is the usual colimit of the functor $\psi_{\cC;W}$.
  1405 If $\cC$ is an $n$-category enriched in sets or vector spaces, $\cl{\cC}(W)$ is the usual colimit of the functor $\psi_{\cC;W}$.
  1406 That is, for each decomposition $x$ there is a map
  1406 That is, for each decomposition $x$ there is a map
  1407 $\psi_{\cC;W}(x)\to \cl{\cC}(W)$, these maps are compatible with the refinement maps
  1407 $\psi_{\cC;W}(x)\to \cl{\cC}(W)$, these maps are compatible with the refinement maps
  1408 above, and $\cl{\cC}(W)$ is universal with respect to these properties.
  1408 above, and $\cl{\cC}(W)$ is universal with respect to these properties.
  1409 \end{defn}
  1409 \end{defn}
  1410 
  1410 
  1411 \begin{defn}[System of fields functor, $A_\infty$ case]
  1411 \begin{defn}[System of fields functor, $A_\infty$ case]
  1412 When $\cC$ is an $A_\infty$ disk-like $n$-category, $\cl{\cC}(W)$ for $W$ a $k$-manifold with $k < n$ 
  1412 When $\cC$ is an $A_\infty$ $n$-category, $\cl{\cC}(W)$ for $W$ a $k$-manifold with $k < n$ 
  1413 is defined as above, as the colimit of $\psi_{\cC;W}$.
  1413 is defined as above, as the colimit of $\psi_{\cC;W}$.
  1414 When $W$ is an $n$-manifold, the chain complex $\cl{\cC}(W)$ is the homotopy colimit of the functor $\psi_{\cC;W}$.
  1414 When $W$ is an $n$-manifold, the chain complex $\cl{\cC}(W)$ is the homotopy colimit of the functor $\psi_{\cC;W}$.
  1415 \end{defn}
  1415 \end{defn}
  1416 
  1416 
  1417 %We can specify boundary data $c \in \cl{\cC}(\bdy W)$, and define functors $\psi_{\cC;W,c}$ 
  1417 %We can specify boundary data $c \in \cl{\cC}(\bdy W)$, and define functors $\psi_{\cC;W,c}$ 
  1583 %\nn{need to finish explaining why we have a system of fields;
  1583 %\nn{need to finish explaining why we have a system of fields;
  1584 %define $k$-cat $\cC(\cdot\times W)$}
  1584 %define $k$-cat $\cC(\cdot\times W)$}
  1585 
  1585 
  1586 \subsection{Modules}
  1586 \subsection{Modules}
  1587 
  1587 
  1588 Next we define ordinary and $A_\infty$ disk-like $n$-category modules.
  1588 Next we define ordinary and $A_\infty$ $n$-category modules.
  1589 The definition will be very similar to that of disk-like $n$-categories,
  1589 The definition will be very similar to that of $n$-categories,
  1590 but with $k$-balls replaced by {\it marked $k$-balls,} defined below.
  1590 but with $k$-balls replaced by {\it marked $k$-balls,} defined below.
  1591 
  1591 
  1592 Our motivating example comes from an $(m{-}n{+}1)$-dimensional manifold $W$ with boundary
  1592 Our motivating example comes from an $(m{-}n{+}1)$-dimensional manifold $W$ with boundary
  1593 in the context of an $m{+}1$-dimensional TQFT.
  1593 in the context of an $m{+}1$-dimensional TQFT.
  1594 Such a $W$ gives rise to a module for the disk-like $n$-category associated to $\bd W$.
  1594 Such a $W$ gives rise to a module for the $n$-category associated to $\bd W$.
  1595 This will be explained in more detail as we present the axioms.
  1595 This will be explained in more detail as we present the axioms.
  1596 
  1596 
  1597 Throughout, we fix a disk-like $n$-category $\cC$.
  1597 Throughout, we fix an $n$-category $\cC$.
  1598 For all but one axiom, it doesn't matter whether $\cC$ is an ordinary $n$-category or an $A_\infty$ $n$-category.
  1598 For all but one axiom, it doesn't matter whether $\cC$ is an ordinary $n$-category or an $A_\infty$ $n$-category.
  1599 We state the final axiom, regarding actions of homeomorphisms, differently in the two cases.
  1599 We state the final axiom, regarding actions of homeomorphisms, differently in the two cases.
  1600 
  1600 
  1601 Define a {\it marked $k$-ball} to be a pair $(B, N)$ homeomorphic to the pair
  1601 Define a {\it marked $k$-ball} to be a pair $(B, N)$ homeomorphic to the pair
  1602 $$(\text{standard $k$-ball}, \text{northern hemisphere in boundary of standard $k$-ball}).$$
  1602 $$(\text{standard $k$-ball}, \text{northern hemisphere in boundary of standard $k$-ball}).$$
  1648 These maps, for various $M$, comprise a natural transformation of functors.}
  1648 These maps, for various $M$, comprise a natural transformation of functors.}
  1649 \end{module-axiom}
  1649 \end{module-axiom}
  1650 
  1650 
  1651 Given $c\in\cl\cM(\bd M)$, let $\cM(M; c) \deq \bd^{-1}(c)$.
  1651 Given $c\in\cl\cM(\bd M)$, let $\cM(M; c) \deq \bd^{-1}(c)$.
  1652 
  1652 
  1653 If the disk-like $n$-category $\cC$ is enriched over some other category (e.g.\ vector spaces),
  1653 If the $n$-category $\cC$ is enriched over some other category (e.g.\ vector spaces),
  1654 then for each marked $n$-ball $M=(B,N)$ and $c\in \cC(\bd B \setminus N)$, the set $\cM(M; c)$ should be an object in that category.
  1654 then for each marked $n$-ball $M=(B,N)$ and $c\in \cC(\bd B \setminus N)$, the set $\cM(M; c)$ should be an object in that category.
  1655 
  1655 
  1656 \begin{lem}[Boundary from domain and range]
  1656 \begin{lem}[Boundary from domain and range]
  1657 {Let $H = M_1 \cup_E M_2$, where $H$ is a marked $k{-}1$-hemisphere ($1\le k\le n$),
  1657 {Let $H = M_1 \cup_E M_2$, where $H$ is a marked $k{-}1$-hemisphere ($1\le k\le n$),
  1658 $M_i$ is a marked $k{-}1$-ball, and $E = M_1\cap M_2$ is a marked $k{-}2$-hemisphere.
  1658 $M_i$ is a marked $k{-}1$-ball, and $E = M_1\cap M_2$ is a marked $k{-}2$-hemisphere.
  1855 \]
  1855 \]
  1856 ($Y$ could be either a marked or plain ball.)
  1856 ($Y$ could be either a marked or plain ball.)
  1857 \end{enumerate}
  1857 \end{enumerate}
  1858 \end{module-axiom}
  1858 \end{module-axiom}
  1859 
  1859 
  1860 As in the disk-like $n$-category definition, once we have product morphisms we can define
  1860 As in the $n$-category definition, once we have product morphisms we can define
  1861 collar maps $\cM(M)\to \cM(M)$.
  1861 collar maps $\cM(M)\to \cM(M)$.
  1862 Note that there are two cases:
  1862 Note that there are two cases:
  1863 the collar could intersect the marking of the marked ball $M$, in which case
  1863 the collar could intersect the marking of the marked ball $M$, in which case
  1864 we use a product on a morphism of $\cM$; or the collar could be disjoint from the marking,
  1864 we use a product on a morphism of $\cM$; or the collar could be disjoint from the marking,
  1865 in which case we use a product on a morphism of $\cC$.
  1865 in which case we use a product on a morphism of $\cC$.
  1868 $a$ along a map associated to $\pi$.
  1868 $a$ along a map associated to $\pi$.
  1869 
  1869 
  1870 \medskip
  1870 \medskip
  1871 
  1871 
  1872 There are two alternatives for the next axiom, according whether we are defining
  1872 There are two alternatives for the next axiom, according whether we are defining
  1873 modules for ordinary or $A_\infty$ disk-like $n$-categories.
  1873 modules for ordinary $n$-categories or $A_\infty$ $n$-categories.
  1874 In the ordinary case we require
  1874 In the ordinary case we require
  1875 
  1875 
  1876 \begin{module-axiom}[\textup{\textbf{[ordinary version]}} Extended isotopy invariance in dimension $n$]
  1876 \begin{module-axiom}[\textup{\textbf{[ordinary version]}} Extended isotopy invariance in dimension $n$]
  1877 {Let $M$ be a marked $n$-ball and $f: M\to M$ be a homeomorphism which restricts
  1877 {Let $M$ be a marked $n$-ball and $f: M\to M$ be a homeomorphism which restricts
  1878 to the identity on $\bd M$ and is isotopic (rel boundary) to the identity.
  1878 to the identity on $\bd M$ and is isotopic (rel boundary) to the identity.
  1901 
  1901 
  1902 As with the $n$-category version of the above axiom, we should also have families of collar maps act.
  1902 As with the $n$-category version of the above axiom, we should also have families of collar maps act.
  1903 
  1903 
  1904 \medskip
  1904 \medskip
  1905 
  1905 
  1906 Note that the above axioms imply that a disk-like $n$-category module has the structure
  1906 Note that the above axioms imply that an $n$-category module has the structure
  1907 of a disk-like $n{-}1$-category.
  1907 of an $n{-}1$-category.
  1908 More specifically, let $J$ be a marked 1-ball, and define $\cE(X)\deq \cM(X\times J)$,
  1908 More specifically, let $J$ be a marked 1-ball, and define $\cE(X)\deq \cM(X\times J)$,
  1909 where $X$ is a $k$-ball and in the product $X\times J$ we pinch 
  1909 where $X$ is a $k$-ball and in the product $X\times J$ we pinch 
  1910 above the non-marked boundary component of $J$.
  1910 above the non-marked boundary component of $J$.
  1911 (More specifically, we collapse $X\times P$ to a single point, where
  1911 (More specifically, we collapse $X\times P$ to a single point, where
  1912 $P$ is the non-marked boundary component of $J$.)
  1912 $P$ is the non-marked boundary component of $J$.)
  1913 Then $\cE$ has the structure of a disk-like $n{-}1$-category.
  1913 Then $\cE$ has the structure of an $n{-}1$-category.
  1914 
  1914 
  1915 All marked $k$-balls are homeomorphic, unless $k = 1$ and our manifolds
  1915 All marked $k$-balls are homeomorphic, unless $k = 1$ and our manifolds
  1916 are oriented or Spin (but not unoriented or $\text{Pin}_\pm$).
  1916 are oriented or Spin (but not unoriented or $\text{Pin}_\pm$).
  1917 In this case ($k=1$ and oriented or Spin), there are two types
  1917 In this case ($k=1$ and oriented or Spin), there are two types
  1918 of marked 1-balls, call them left-marked and right-marked,
  1918 of marked 1-balls, call them left-marked and right-marked,
  1920 In all other cases ($k>1$ or unoriented or $\text{Pin}_\pm$),
  1920 In all other cases ($k>1$ or unoriented or $\text{Pin}_\pm$),
  1921 there is no left/right module distinction.
  1921 there is no left/right module distinction.
  1922 
  1922 
  1923 \medskip
  1923 \medskip
  1924 
  1924 
  1925 We now give some examples of modules over ordinary and $A_\infty$ disk-like $n$-categories.
  1925 We now give some examples of modules over ordinary and $A_\infty$ $n$-categories.
  1926 
  1926 
  1927 \begin{example}[Examples from TQFTs]
  1927 \begin{example}[Examples from TQFTs]
  1928 \rm
  1928 \rm
  1929 Continuing Example \ref{ex:ncats-from-tqfts}, with $\cF$ a TQFT, $W$ an $n{-}j$-manifold,
  1929 Continuing Example \ref{ex:ncats-from-tqfts}, with $\cF$ a TQFT, $W$ an $n{-}j$-manifold,
  1930 and $\cF(W)$ the disk-like $j$-category associated to $W$.
  1930 and $\cF(W)$ the $j$-category associated to $W$.
  1931 Let $Y$ be an $(n{-}j{+}1)$-manifold with $\bd Y = W$.
  1931 Let $Y$ be an $(n{-}j{+}1)$-manifold with $\bd Y = W$.
  1932 Define a $\cF(W)$ module $\cF(Y)$ as follows.
  1932 Define a $\cF(W)$ module $\cF(Y)$ as follows.
  1933 If $M = (B, N)$ is a marked $k$-ball with $k<j$ let 
  1933 If $M = (B, N)$ is a marked $k$-ball with $k<j$ let 
  1934 $\cF(Y)(M)\deq \cF((B\times W) \cup (N\times Y))$.
  1934 $\cF(Y)(M)\deq \cF((B\times W) \cup (N\times Y))$.
  1935 If $M = (B, N)$ is a marked $j$-ball and $c\in \cl{\cF(Y)}(\bd M)$ let
  1935 If $M = (B, N)$ is a marked $j$-ball and $c\in \cl{\cF(Y)}(\bd M)$ let
  1938 
  1938 
  1939 \begin{example}[Examples from the blob complex] \label{bc-module-example}
  1939 \begin{example}[Examples from the blob complex] \label{bc-module-example}
  1940 \rm
  1940 \rm
  1941 In the previous example, we can instead define
  1941 In the previous example, we can instead define
  1942 $\cF(Y)(M)\deq \bc_*((B\times W) \cup (N\times Y), c; \cF)$ (when $\dim(M) = n$)
  1942 $\cF(Y)(M)\deq \bc_*((B\times W) \cup (N\times Y), c; \cF)$ (when $\dim(M) = n$)
  1943 and get a module for the $A_\infty$ disk-like $n$-category associated to $\cF$ as in 
  1943 and get a module for the $A_\infty$ $n$-category associated to $\cF$ as in 
  1944 Example \ref{ex:blob-complexes-of-balls}.
  1944 Example \ref{ex:blob-complexes-of-balls}.
  1945 \end{example}
  1945 \end{example}
  1946 
  1946 
  1947 
  1947 
  1948 \begin{example}
  1948 \begin{example}
  1963 
  1963 
  1964 
  1964 
  1965 \subsection{Modules as boundary labels (colimits for decorated manifolds)}
  1965 \subsection{Modules as boundary labels (colimits for decorated manifolds)}
  1966 \label{moddecss}
  1966 \label{moddecss}
  1967 
  1967 
  1968 Fix an ordinary or $A_\infty$ disk-like $n$-category  $\cC$.
  1968 Fix an ordinary $n$-category or $A_\infty$ $n$-category  $\cC$.
  1969 Let $W$ be a $k$-manifold ($k\le n$),
  1969 Let $W$ be a $k$-manifold ($k\le n$),
  1970 let $\{Y_i\}$ be a collection of disjoint codimension 0 submanifolds of $\bd W$,
  1970 let $\{Y_i\}$ be a collection of disjoint codimension 0 submanifolds of $\bd W$,
  1971 and let $\cN = (\cN_i)$ be an assignment of a $\cC$ module $\cN_i$ to $Y_i$.
  1971 and let $\cN = (\cN_i)$ be an assignment of a $\cC$ module $\cN_i$ to $Y_i$.
  1972 
  1972 
  1973 We will define a set $\cC(W, \cN)$ using a colimit construction very similar to 
  1973 We will define a set $\cC(W, \cN)$ using a colimit construction very similar to 
  2019 
  2019 
  2020 If $D$ is an $m$-ball, $0\le m \le n-k$, then we can similarly define
  2020 If $D$ is an $m$-ball, $0\le m \le n-k$, then we can similarly define
  2021 $\cC(D\times W, \cN)$, where in this case $\cN_i$ labels the submanifold 
  2021 $\cC(D\times W, \cN)$, where in this case $\cN_i$ labels the submanifold 
  2022 $D\times Y_i \sub \bd(D\times W)$.
  2022 $D\times Y_i \sub \bd(D\times W)$.
  2023 It is not hard to see that the assignment $D \mapsto \cC(D\times W, \cN)$
  2023 It is not hard to see that the assignment $D \mapsto \cC(D\times W, \cN)$
  2024 has the structure of a disk-like $n{-}k$-category.
  2024 has the structure of an $n{-}k$-category.
  2025 
  2025 
  2026 \medskip
  2026 \medskip
  2027 
  2027 
  2028 We will use a simple special case of the above 
  2028 We will use a simple special case of the above 
  2029 construction to define tensor products 
  2029 construction to define tensor products 
  2030 of modules.
  2030 of modules.
  2031 Let $\cM_1$ and $\cM_2$ be modules for a disk-like $n$-category $\cC$.
  2031 Let $\cM_1$ and $\cM_2$ be modules for an $n$-category $\cC$.
  2032 (If $k=1$ and our manifolds are oriented, then one should be 
  2032 (If $k=1$ and our manifolds are oriented, then one should be 
  2033 a left module and the other a right module.)
  2033 a left module and the other a right module.)
  2034 Choose a 1-ball $J$, and label the two boundary points of $J$ by $\cM_1$ and $\cM_2$.
  2034 Choose a 1-ball $J$, and label the two boundary points of $J$ by $\cM_1$ and $\cM_2$.
  2035 Define the tensor product $\cM_1 \tensor \cM_2$ to be the 
  2035 Define the tensor product $\cM_1 \tensor \cM_2$ to be the 
  2036 disk-like $n{-}1$-category associated as above to $J$ with its boundary labeled by $\cM_1$ and $\cM_2$.
  2036 $n{-}1$-category associated as above to $J$ with its boundary labeled by $\cM_1$ and $\cM_2$.
  2037 This of course depends (functorially)
  2037 This of course depends (functorially)
  2038 on the choice of 1-ball $J$.
  2038 on the choice of 1-ball $J$.
  2039 
  2039 
  2040 We will define a more general self tensor product (categorified coend) below.
  2040 We will define a more general self tensor product (categorified coend) below.
  2041 
  2041 
  2736 then compose the module maps.
  2736 then compose the module maps.
  2737 The proof that this composition rule is associative is similar to the proof of Lemma \ref{equator-lemma}.
  2737 The proof that this composition rule is associative is similar to the proof of Lemma \ref{equator-lemma}.
  2738 
  2738 
  2739 \medskip
  2739 \medskip
  2740 
  2740 
  2741 We end this subsection with some remarks about Morita equivalence of disk-like $n$-categories.
  2741 We end this subsection with some remarks about Morita equivalence of disklike $n$-categories.
  2742 Recall that two 1-categories $\cC$ and $\cD$ are Morita equivalent if and only if they are equivalent
  2742 Recall that two 1-categories $\cC$ and $\cD$ are Morita equivalent if and only if they are equivalent
  2743 objects in the 2-category of (linear) 1-categories, bimodules, and intertwiners.
  2743 objects in the 2-category of (linear) 1-categories, bimodules, and intertwiners.
  2744 Similarly, we define two disk-like $n$-categories to be Morita equivalent if they are equivalent objects in the
  2744 Similarly, we define two disklike $n$-categories to be Morita equivalent if they are equivalent objects in the
  2745 $n{+}1$-category of sphere modules.
  2745 $n{+}1$-category of sphere modules.
  2746 
  2746 
  2747 Because of the strong duality enjoyed by disk-like $n$-categories, the data for such an equivalence lives only in 
  2747 Because of the strong duality enjoyed by disklike $n$-categories, the data for such an equivalence lives only in 
  2748 dimensions 1 and $n+1$ (the middle dimensions come along for free).
  2748 dimensions 1 and $n+1$ (the middle dimensions come along for free).
  2749 The $n{+}1$-dimensional part of the data must be invertible and satisfy
  2749 The $n{+}1$-dimensional part of the data must be invertible and satisfy
  2750 identities corresponding to Morse cancellations in $n$-manifolds.
  2750 identities corresponding to Morse cancellations in $n$-manifolds.
  2751 We will treat this in detail for the $n=2$ case; the case for general $n$ is very similar.
  2751 We will treat this in detail for the $n=2$ case; the case for general $n$ is very similar.
  2752 
  2752 
  2753 Let $\cC$ and $\cD$ be (unoriented) disk-like 2-categories.
  2753 Let $\cC$ and $\cD$ be (unoriented) disklike 2-categories.
  2754 Let $\cS$ denote the 3-category of 2-category sphere modules.
  2754 Let $\cS$ denote the 3-category of 2-category sphere modules.
  2755 The 1-dimensional part of the data for a Morita equivalence between $\cC$ and $\cD$ is a 0-sphere module $\cM = {}_\cC\cM_\cD$ 
  2755 The 1-dimensional part of the data for a Morita equivalence between $\cC$ and $\cD$ is a 0-sphere module $\cM = {}_\cC\cM_\cD$ 
  2756 (categorified bimodule) connecting $\cC$ and $\cD$.
  2756 (categorified bimodule) connecting $\cC$ and $\cD$.
  2757 Because of the full unoriented symmetry, this can also be thought of as a 
  2757 Because of the full unoriented symmetry, this can also be thought of as a 
  2758 0-sphere module ${}_\cD\cM_\cC$ connecting $\cD$ and $\cC$.
  2758 0-sphere module ${}_\cD\cM_\cC$ connecting $\cD$ and $\cC$.