text/intro.tex
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     1 %!TEX root = ../blob1.tex
     1 %!TEX root = ../blob1.tex
     2 
     2 
     3 \section{Introduction}
     3 \section{Introduction}
     4 
     4 
     5 [some things to cover in the intro]
     5 We construct the ``blob complex'' $\bc_*(M; \cC)$ associated to an $n$-manifold $M$ and a ``linear $n$-category with strong duality'' $\cC$. This blob complex provides a simultaneous generalisation of several well-understood constructions:
     6 \begin{itemize}
     6 \begin{itemize}
     7 \item explain relation between old and new blob complex definitions
     7 \item The vector space $H_0(\bc_*(M; \cC))$ is isomorphic to the usual topological quantum field theory invariant of $M$ associated to $\cC$. (See \S \ref{sec:fields} \nn{more specific}.)
     8 \item overview of sections
     8 \item When $n=1$, $\cC$ is just an associative algebroid, and $\bc_*(S^1; \cC)$ is quasi-isomorphic to the Hochschild complex $\HC_*(\cC)$. (See \S \ref{sec:hochschild}.)
     9 \item state main properties of blob complex (already mostly done below)
     9 \item When $\cC = k[t]$, thought of as an n-category, we have $$H_*(\bc_*(M; k[t])) = H^{\text{sing}}_*(\Delta^\infty(M), k).$$ (See \S \ref{sec:comm_alg}.)
    10 \item give multiple motivations/viewpoints for blob complex: (1) derived cat
    10 \end{itemize}
       
    11 The blob complex has good formal properties, summarized in \S \ref{sec:properties}. These include an action of $\CD{M}$, extending the usual $\Diff(M)$ action on the TQFT space $H_0$ (see Property \ref{property:evaluation}) and a `gluing formula' allowing calculations by cutting manifolds into smaller parts (see Property \ref{property:gluing}).
       
    12 
       
    13 The blob complex definition is motivated by \nn{ continue here ...} give multiple motivations/viewpoints for blob complex: (1) derived cat
    11 version of TQFT Hilbert space; (2) generalization of Hochschild homology to higher $n$-cats;
    14 version of TQFT Hilbert space; (2) generalization of Hochschild homology to higher $n$-cats;
    12 (3) ? sort-of-obvious colimit type construction;
    15 (3) ? sort-of-obvious colimit type construction;
    13 (4) ? a generalization of $C_*(\Maps(M, T))$ to the case where $T$ is
    16 (4) ? a generalization of $C_*(\Maps(M, T))$ to the case where $T$ is
    14 a category rather than a manifold
    17 a category rather than a manifold
    15 \item hope to apply to Kh, contact, (other examples?) in the future
    18 
       
    19 We expect applications of the blob complex to \nn{ ... } but do not address these in this paper.
       
    20 \nn{hope to apply to Kh, contact, (other examples?) in the future}
       
    21 
       
    22 
       
    23 \subsubsection{Structure of the paper}
       
    24 
       
    25 The first part of the paper (sections \S \ref{sec:fields}---\S \ref{sec:evaluation}) gives the definition of the blob complex, and establishes some of its properties. There are many alternative definitions of $n$-categories, and part of our difficulty defining the blob complex is simply explaining what we mean by an ``$n$-category with strong duality'' as one of the inputs. At first we entirely avoid this problem by introducing the notion of a `system of fields', and define the blob complex associated to an $n$-manifold and an $n$-dimensional system of fields. We sketch the construction of a system of fields from a $1$-category or from a pivotal $2$-category.
       
    26 
       
    27 Nevertheless, when we attempt to establish all of the observed properties of the blob complex, we find this situation unsatisfactory. Thus, in the second part of the paper (section \S \ref{sec:ncats}) we pause and give yet another definition of an $n$-category, or rather a definition of an $n$-category with strong duality. (It's not clear that we could remove the duality conditions from our definition, even if we wanted to.) We call these ``topological $n$-categories'', to differentiate them from previous versions. Moreover, we find that we need analogous $A_\infty$ $n$-categories, and we define these as well following very similar axioms. When $n=1$ these reduce to the usual $A_\infty$ categories.
       
    28 
       
    29 In the third part of the paper (section \S \ref{sec:ainfblob}) we explain how to construct a system of fields from a topological $n$-category, and give an alternative definition of the blob complex for an $n$-manifold and an $A_\infty$ $n$-category. Using these definitions, we show how to use the blob complex to `resolve' any topological $n$-category as an $A_\infty$ $n$-category, and relate the first and second definitions of the blob complex. We use the blob complex for $A_\infty$ $n$-categories to establish important properties of the blob complex (in both variants), in particular the `gluing formula' of Property \ref{property:gluing} below.
       
    30 
       
    31 
       
    32 [some things to cover in the intro]
       
    33 \begin{itemize}
       
    34 \item explain relation between old and new blob complex definitions
       
    35 \item overview of sections
    16 \item ?? we have resisted the temptation 
    36 \item ?? we have resisted the temptation 
    17 (actually, it was not a temptation) to state things in the greatest
    37 (actually, it was not a temptation) to state things in the greatest
    18 generality possible
    38 generality possible
    19 \item related: we are being unsophisticated from a homotopy theory point of
    39 \item related: we are being unsophisticated from a homotopy theory point of
    20 view and using chain complexes in many places where we could be by with spaces
    40 view and using chain complexes in many places where we could be by with spaces
    82 
   102 
    83 \bigskip
   103 \bigskip
    84 \hrule
   104 \hrule
    85 \bigskip
   105 \bigskip
    86 
   106 
       
   107 \subsection{Formal properties}
       
   108 \label{sec:properties}
    87 We then show that blob homology enjoys the following properties.
   109 We then show that blob homology enjoys the following properties.
    88 
   110 
    89 \begin{property}[Functoriality]
   111 \begin{property}[Functoriality]
    90 \label{property:functoriality}%
   112 \label{property:functoriality}%
    91 The blob complex is functorial with respect to homeomorphisms. That is, 
   113 The blob complex is functorial with respect to homeomorphisms. That is, 
   147 \begin{equation*}
   169 \begin{equation*}
   148 \xymatrix{\bc_*^{\cC}(S^1) \ar[r]^{\iso}_{\text{qi}} & \HC_*(\cC)}
   170 \xymatrix{\bc_*^{\cC}(S^1) \ar[r]^{\iso}_{\text{qi}} & \HC_*(\cC)}
   149 \end{equation*}
   171 \end{equation*}
   150 \end{property}
   172 \end{property}
   151 
   173 
   152 
   174 Here $\CD{X}$ is the singular chain complex of the space of diffeomorphisms of $X$, fixed on $\bdy X$.
   153 \begin{property}[$C_*(\Diff(-))$ action]
   175 \begin{property}[$C_*(\Diff(-))$ action]
   154 \label{property:evaluation}%
   176 \label{property:evaluation}%
   155 There is a chain map
   177 There is a chain map
   156 \begin{equation*}
   178 \begin{equation*}
   157 \ev_X: \CD{X} \tensor \bc_*(X) \to \bc_*(X).
   179 \ev_X: \CD{X} \tensor \bc_*(X) \to \bc_*(X).
   158 \end{equation*}
   180 \end{equation*}
   159 (Here $\CD{X}$ is the singular chain complex of the space of diffeomorphisms of $X$, fixed on $\bdy X$.)
       
   160 
   181 
   161 Restricted to $C_0(\Diff(X))$ this is just the action of diffeomorphisms described in Property \ref{property:functoriality}. Further, for
   182 Restricted to $C_0(\Diff(X))$ this is just the action of diffeomorphisms described in Property \ref{property:functoriality}. Further, for
   162 any codimension $1$-submanifold $Y \subset X$ dividing $X$ into $X_1 \cup_Y X_2$, the following diagram
   183 any codimension $1$-submanifold $Y \subset X$ dividing $X$ into $X_1 \cup_Y X_2$, the following diagram
   163 (using the gluing maps described in Property \ref{property:gluing-map}) commutes.
   184 (using the gluing maps described in Property \ref{property:gluing-map}) commutes.
   164 \begin{equation*}
   185 \begin{equation*}
   168         \ar@/_4ex/[r]_{\ev_{X_1} \otimes \ev_{X_2}}  \ar[u]^{\gl^{\Diff}_Y \otimes \gl_Y}  &
   189         \ar@/_4ex/[r]_{\ev_{X_1} \otimes \ev_{X_2}}  \ar[u]^{\gl^{\Diff}_Y \otimes \gl_Y}  &
   169             \bc_*(X_1) \otimes \bc_*(X_2) \ar[u]_{\gl_Y}
   190             \bc_*(X_1) \otimes \bc_*(X_2) \ar[u]_{\gl_Y}
   170 }
   191 }
   171 \end{equation*}
   192 \end{equation*}
   172 \nn{should probably say something about associativity here (or not?)}
   193 \nn{should probably say something about associativity here (or not?)}
   173 \nn{maybe do self-gluing instead of 2 pieces case}
   194 \nn{maybe do self-gluing instead of 2 pieces case:}
       
   195 Further, for
       
   196 any codimension $0$-submanifold $Y \sqcup Y^\text{op} \subset \bdy X$ the following diagram
       
   197 (using the gluing maps described in Property \ref{property:gluing-map}) commutes.
       
   198 \begin{equation*}
       
   199 \xymatrix@C+2cm{
       
   200      \CD{X \bigcup_Y \selfarrow} \otimes \bc_*(X \bigcup_Y \selfarrow) \ar[r]^<<<<<<<<<<<<{\ev_{(X \bigcup_Y \scalebox{0.5}{\selfarrow})}}    & \bc_*(X \bigcup_Y \selfarrow) \\
       
   201      \CD{X} \otimes \bc_*(X)
       
   202         \ar[r]_{\ev_{X}}  \ar[u]^{\gl^{\Diff}_Y \otimes \gl_Y}  &
       
   203             \bc_*(X) \ar[u]_{\gl_Y}
       
   204 }
       
   205 \end{equation*}
   174 \end{property}
   206 \end{property}
   175 
   207 
   176 There is a version of the blob complex for $\cC$ an $A_\infty$ $n$-category
   208 There is a version of the blob complex for $\cC$ an $A_\infty$ $n$-category
   177 instead of a garden variety $n$-category.
   209 instead of a garden variety $n$-category; this is described in \S \ref{sec:ainfblob}.
   178 
   210 
   179 \begin{property}[Product formula]
   211 \begin{property}[Product formula]
   180 Let $M^n = Y^{n-k}\times W^k$ and let $\cC$ be an $n$-category.
   212 Let $M^n = Y^{n-k}\times W^k$ and let $\cC$ be an $n$-category.
   181 Let $A_*(Y)$ be the $A_\infty$ $k$-category associated to $Y$ via blob homology, which associates to each $k$-ball $D$ the complex $A_*(Y)(D) = \bc_*(Y \times D, \cC)$.
   213 Let $A_*(Y)$ be the $A_\infty$ $k$-category associated to $Y$ via blob homology, which associates to each $k$-ball $D$ the complex $A_*(Y)(D) = \bc_*(Y \times D, \cC)$.
   182 Then
   214 Then