text/intro.tex
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     1 %!TEX root = ../blob1.tex
     1 %!TEX root = ../blob1.tex
     2 
     2 
     3 \section{Introduction}
     3 \section{Introduction}
     4 
     4 
     5 We construct a chain complex $\bc_*(M; \cC)$ --- the ``blob complex'' --- 
     5 We construct a chain complex $\bc_*(M; \cC)$ --- the ``blob complex'' --- 
     6 associated to an $n$-manifold $M$ and a linear $n$-category with strong duality $\cC$.
     6 associated to an $n$-manifold $M$ and a linear $n$-category $\cC$ with strong duality.
     7 This blob complex provides a simultaneous generalization of several well known constructions:
     7 This blob complex provides a simultaneous generalization of several well known constructions:
     8 \begin{itemize}
     8 \begin{itemize}
     9 \item The 0-th homology $H_0(\bc_*(M; \cC))$ is isomorphic to the usual 
     9 \item The 0-th homology $H_0(\bc_*(M; \cC))$ is isomorphic to the usual 
    10 topological quantum field theory invariant of $M$ associated to $\cC$.
    10 topological quantum field theory invariant of $M$ associated to $\cC$.
    11 (See Theorem \ref{thm:skein-modules} later in the introduction and \S \ref{sec:constructing-a-tqft}.)
    11 (See Theorem \ref{thm:skein-modules} later in the introduction and \S \ref{sec:constructing-a-tqft}.)
   122 	\S \ref{ss:ncat_fields}
   122 	\S \ref{ss:ncat_fields}
   123 	%$\displaystyle \cF(M) = \DirectSum_{c \in\cell(M)} \cC(c)$ \\ $\displaystyle U(B) = \DirectSum_{c \in \cell(B)} \ker \ev: \cC(c) \to \cC(B)$
   123 	%$\displaystyle \cF(M) = \DirectSum_{c \in\cell(M)} \cC(c)$ \\ $\displaystyle U(B) = \DirectSum_{c \in \cell(B)} \ker \ev: \cC(c) \to \cC(B)$
   124    } (FU.100);
   124    } (FU.100);
   125 \draw[->] (C) -- node[above left=3pt] {restrict to \\ standard balls} (tC);
   125 \draw[->] (C) -- node[above left=3pt] {restrict to \\ standard balls} (tC);
   126 \draw[->] (FU.80) -- node[right] {restrict \\ to balls} (C.-80);
   126 \draw[->] (FU.80) -- node[right] {restrict \\ to balls} (C.-80);
   127 \draw[->] (BC) -- node[left] {$H_0$} node[right] {c.f. Theorem \ref{thm:skein-modules}} (A);
   127 \draw[->] (BC) -- node[right] {$H_0$ \\ c.f. Theorem \ref{thm:skein-modules}} (A);
   128 
   128 
   129 \draw[->] (FU) -- node[left] {blob complex \\ for balls} (Cs);
   129 \draw[->] (FU) -- node[left] {blob complex \\ for balls} (Cs);
   130 \draw[<->] (BC) -- node[right] {$\iso$ by \\ Corollary \ref{cor:new-old}} (BCs);
   130 \draw[<->] (BC) -- node[right] {$\iso$ by \\ Corollary \ref{cor:new-old}} (BCs);
   131 \end{tikzpicture}
   131 \end{tikzpicture}
   132 
   132 
   365 Since the blob complex is functorial in the manifold $X$, this is equivalent to having chain maps
   365 Since the blob complex is functorial in the manifold $X$, this is equivalent to having chain maps
   366 $$ev_{X \to Y} : \CH{X \to Y} \tensor \bc_*(X) \to \bc_*(Y)$$
   366 $$ev_{X \to Y} : \CH{X \to Y} \tensor \bc_*(X) \to \bc_*(Y)$$
   367 for any homeomorphic pair $X$ and $Y$, 
   367 for any homeomorphic pair $X$ and $Y$, 
   368 satisfying corresponding conditions.
   368 satisfying corresponding conditions.
   369 
   369 
   370 \nn{KW: the next paragraph seems awkward to me}
       
   371 
       
   372 \nn{KW: also, I'm not convinced that all of these (above and below) should be called theorems}
       
   373 
       
   374 In \S \ref{sec:ncats} we introduce the notion of topological $n$-categories, from which we can construct systems of fields.
   370 In \S \ref{sec:ncats} we introduce the notion of topological $n$-categories, from which we can construct systems of fields.
   375 Below, we talk about the blob complex associated to a topological $n$-category, implicitly passing first to the system of fields.
   371 Below, when we talk about the blob complex for a topological $n$-category, we are implicitly passing first to this associated system of fields.
   376 Further, in \S \ref{sec:ncats} we also have the notion of an $A_\infty$ $n$-category.
   372 Further, in \S \ref{sec:ncats} we also have the notion of an $A_\infty$ $n$-category. In that section we describe how to use the blob complex to construct $A_\infty$ $n$-categories from topological $n$-categories:
   377 
   373 
   378 \todo{Give this a number inside the text}
   374 \newtheorem*{ex:blob-complexes-of-balls}{Example \ref{ex:blob-complexes-of-balls}}
   379 \begin{thm}[Blob complexes of products with balls form an $A_\infty$ $n$-category]
   375 
   380 \label{thm:blobs-ainfty}
   376 \begin{ex:blob-complexes-of-balls}[Blob complexes of products with balls form an $A_\infty$ $n$-category]
       
   377 %\label{thm:blobs-ainfty}
   381 Let $\cC$ be  a topological $n$-category.
   378 Let $\cC$ be  a topological $n$-category.
   382 Let $Y$ be an $n{-}k$-manifold. 
   379 Let $Y$ be an $n{-}k$-manifold. 
   383 There is an $A_\infty$ $k$-category $\bc_*(Y;\cC)$, defined on each $m$-ball $D$, for $0 \leq m < k$, 
   380 There is an $A_\infty$ $k$-category $\bc_*(Y;\cC)$, defined on each $m$-ball $D$, for $0 \leq m < k$, 
   384 to be the set $$\bc_*(Y;\cC)(D) = \cC(Y \times D)$$ and on $k$-balls $D$ to be the set 
   381 to be the set $$\bc_*(Y;\cC)(D) = \cC(Y \times D)$$ and on $k$-balls $D$ to be the set 
   385 $$\bc_*(Y;\cC)(D) = \bc_*(Y \times D; \cC).$$ 
   382 $$\bc_*(Y;\cC)(D) = \bc_*(Y \times D; \cC).$$ 
   386 (When $m=k$ the subsets with fixed boundary conditions form a chain complex.) 
   383 (When $m=k$ the subsets with fixed boundary conditions form a chain complex.) 
   387 These sets have the structure of an $A_\infty$ $k$-category, with compositions coming from the gluing map in 
   384 These sets have the structure of an $A_\infty$ $k$-category, with compositions coming from the gluing map in 
   388 Property \ref{property:gluing-map} and with the action of families of homeomorphisms given in Theorem \ref{thm:evaluation}.
   385 Property \ref{property:gluing-map} and with the action of families of homeomorphisms given in Theorem \ref{thm:evaluation}.
   389 \end{thm}
   386 \end{ex:blob-complexes-of-balls}
   390 \begin{rem}
   387 \begin{rem}
   391 Perhaps the most interesting case is when $Y$ is just a point; then we have a way of building an $A_\infty$ $n$-category from a topological $n$-category.
   388 Perhaps the most interesting case is when $Y$ is just a point; then we have a way of building an $A_\infty$ $n$-category from a topological $n$-category.
   392 We think of this $A_\infty$ $n$-category as a free resolution.
   389 We think of this $A_\infty$ $n$-category as a free resolution.
   393 \end{rem}
   390 \end{rem}
   394 
   391 
   395 Theorem \ref{thm:blobs-ainfty} appears as Example \ref{ex:blob-complexes-of-balls} in \S \ref{sec:ncats}.
       
   396 
       
   397 There is a version of the blob complex for $\cC$ an $A_\infty$ $n$-category
   392 There is a version of the blob complex for $\cC$ an $A_\infty$ $n$-category
   398 instead of a topological $n$-category; this is described in \S \ref{sec:ainfblob}.
   393 instead of a topological $n$-category; this is described in \S \ref{sec:ainfblob}.
   399 The definition is in fact simpler, almost tautological, and we use a different notation, $\cl{\cC}(M)$. 
   394 The definition is in fact simpler, almost tautological, and we use a different notation, $\cl{\cC}(M)$. The next theorem describes the blob complex for product manifolds, in terms of the $A_\infty$ blob complex of the $A_\infty$ $n$-categories constructed as in the previous example.
   400 %The notation is intended to reflect the close parallel with the definition of the TQFT skein module via a colimit.
   395 %The notation is intended to reflect the close parallel with the definition of the TQFT skein module via a colimit.
   401 
   396 
   402 \newtheorem*{thm:product}{Theorem \ref{thm:product}}
   397 \newtheorem*{thm:product}{Theorem \ref{thm:product}}
   403 
   398 
   404 \begin{thm:product}[Product formula]
   399 \begin{thm:product}[Product formula]
   405 Let $W$ be a $k$-manifold and $Y$ be an $n-k$ manifold.
   400 Let $W$ be a $k$-manifold and $Y$ be an $n-k$ manifold.
   406 Let $\cC$ be an $n$-category.
   401 Let $\cC$ be an $n$-category.
   407 Let $\bc_*(Y;\cC)$ be the $A_\infty$ $k$-category associated to $Y$ via blob homology (see Theorem \ref{thm:blobs-ainfty}).
   402 Let $\bc_*(Y;\cC)$ be the $A_\infty$ $k$-category associated to $Y$ via blob homology (see Example \ref{ex:blob-complexes-of-balls}).
   408 Then
   403 Then
   409 \[
   404 \[
   410 	\bc_*(Y\times W; \cC) \simeq \cl{\bc_*(Y;\cC)}(W).
   405 	\bc_*(Y\times W; \cC) \simeq \cl{\bc_*(Y;\cC)}(W).
   411 \]
   406 \]
   412 \end{thm:product}
   407 \end{thm:product}