--- a/text/ncat.tex Thu Jun 03 09:47:18 2010 -0700
+++ b/text/ncat.tex Thu Jun 03 12:33:47 2010 -0700
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@
\medskip
-There are many existing definitions of $n$-categories, with various intended uses. In any such definition, there are sets of $k$-morphisms for each $0 \leq k \leq n$. Generally, these sets are indexed by instances of a certain typical chape.
+There are many existing definitions of $n$-categories, with various intended uses. In any such definition, there are sets of $k$-morphisms for each $0 \leq k \leq n$. Generally, these sets are indexed by instances of a certain typical shape.
Some $n$-category definitions model $k$-morphisms on the standard bihedrons (interval, bigon, and so on).
Other definitions have a separate set of 1-morphisms for each interval $[0,l] \sub \r$,
a separate set of 2-morphisms for each rectangle $[0,l_1]\times [0,l_2] \sub \r^2$,
@@ -32,27 +32,17 @@
Still other definitions (see, for example, \cite{MR2094071})
model the $k$-morphisms on more complicated combinatorial polyhedra.
-For our definition, we will allow our $k$-morphisms to have any shape, so long as it is homeomorphic to the standard $k$-ball:
-
-\begin{axiom}[Morphisms]{\textup{\textbf{[preliminary]}}}
-For any $k$-manifold $X$ homeomorphic
-to the standard $k$-ball, we have a set of $k$-morphisms
-$\cC_k(X)$.
-\end{axiom}
-
-By ``a $k$-ball" we mean any $k$-manifold which is homeomorphic to the
+For our definition, we will allow our $k$-morphisms to have any shape, so long as it is homeomorphic to the standard $k$-ball. Thus we expect to associate a set of $k$-morphisms $\cC_k(X)$ to any $k$-manifold $X$ homeomorphic
+to the standard $k$-ball. By ``a $k$-ball" we mean any $k$-manifold which is homeomorphic to the
standard $k$-ball.
We {\it do not} assume that it is equipped with a
preferred homeomorphism to the standard $k$-ball, and the same applies to ``a $k$-sphere" below.
-
Given a homeomorphism $f:X\to Y$ between $k$-balls (not necessarily fixed on
the boundary), we want a corresponding
bijection of sets $f:\cC(X)\to \cC(Y)$.
-(This will imply ``strong duality", among other things.)
-So we replace the above with
+(This will imply ``strong duality", among other things.) Putting these together, we have
-\addtocounter{axiom}{-1}
\begin{axiom}[Morphisms]
\label{axiom:morphisms}
For each $0 \le k \le n$, we have a functor $\cC_k$ from
@@ -107,7 +97,7 @@
homeomorphisms to the category of sets and bijections.
\end{prop}
-We postpone the proof of this result until after we've actually given all the axioms. Note that defining this functor for some $k$ only requires the data described in Axiom \ref{axiom:morphisms} at level $k$, along with the data described in the other Axioms at lower levels.
+We postpone the proof \todo{} of this result until after we've actually given all the axioms. Note that defining this functor for some $k$ only requires the data described in Axiom \ref{axiom:morphisms} at level $k$, along with the data described in the other Axioms at lower levels.
%In fact, the functors for spheres are entirely determined by the functors for balls and the subsequent axioms. (In particular, $\cC(S^k)$ is the colimit of $\cC$ applied to decompositions of $S^k$ into balls.) However, it is easiest to think of it as additional data at this point.
@@ -479,26 +469,23 @@
\medskip
-The alert reader will have already noticed that our definition of (plain) $n$-category
-is extremely similar to our definition of topological fields.
-The main difference is that for the $n$-category definition we restrict our attention to balls
+The alert reader will have already noticed that our definition of a (plain) $n$-category
+is extremely similar to our definition of a topological system of fields.
+There are two essential differences.
+First, for the $n$-category definition we restrict our attention to balls
(and their boundaries), while for fields we consider all manifolds.
-(A minor difference is that in the category definition we directly impose isotopy
-invariance in dimension $n$, while in the fields definition we have non-isotopy-invariant fields
-but then mod out by local relations which imply isotopy invariance.)
-Thus a system of fields determines an $n$-category simply by restricting our attention to
-balls.
+Second, in category definition we directly impose isotopy
+invariance in dimension $n$, while in the fields definition we have do not expect isotopy invariance on fields
+but instead remember a subspace of local relations which contain differences of isotopic fields. (Recall that the compensation for this complication is that we can demand that the gluing map for fields is injective.)
+Thus a system of fields and local relations $(\cF,\cU)$ determines an $n$-category $\cC_ {\cF,\cU}$ simply by restricting our attention to
+balls and, at level $n$, quotienting out by the local relations:
+\begin{align*}
+\cC_{\cF,\cU}(B^k) & = \begin{cases}\cF(B) & \text{when $k<n$,} \\ \cF(B) / \cU(B) & \text{when $k=n$.}\end{cases}
+\end{align*}
This $n$-category can be thought of as the local part of the fields.
-Conversely, given an $n$-category we can construct a system of fields via
+Conversely, given a topological $n$-category we can construct a system of fields via
a colimit construction; see \S \ref{ss:ncat_fields} below.
-%\nn{Next, say something about $A_\infty$ $n$-categories and ``homological" systems
-%of fields.
-%The universal (colimit) construction becomes our generalized definition of blob homology.
-%Need to explain how it relates to the old definition.}
-
-\medskip
-
\subsection{Examples of $n$-categories}
\label{ss:ncat-examples}
@@ -617,7 +604,7 @@
where $\bc^\cE_*$ denotes the blob complex based on $\cE$.
\end{example}
-This example will be essential for Theorem \ref{product_thm} below, which allows us to compute the blob complex of a product. Notice that with $F$ a point, the above example is a construction turning a topological $n$-category into an $A_\infty$ $n$-category. We think of this as providing a `free resolution' of the topological $n$-category. \todo{Say more here!} In fact, there is also a trivial way to do this: we can think of each vector space associated to an $n$-ball as a chain complex concentrated in degree $0$, and take $\CD{B}$ to act trivially.
+This example will be essential for Theorem \ref{product_thm} below, which allows us to compute the blob complex of a product. Notice that with $F$ a point, the above example is a construction turning a topological $n$-category $\cC$ into an $A_\infty$ $n$-category which we'll denote by $\bc_*(\cC)$. We think of this as providing a `free resolution' of the topological $n$-category. \todo{Say more here!} In fact, there is also a trivial, but mostly uninteresting, way to do this: we can think of each vector space associated to an $n$-ball as a chain complex concentrated in degree $0$, and take $\CD{B}$ to act trivially.
Be careful that the `free resolution' of the topological $n$-category $\pi_{\leq n}(T)$ is not the $A_\infty$ $n$-category $\pi^\infty_{\leq n}(T)$. It's easy to see that with $n=0$, the corresponding system of fields is just linear combinations of connected components of $T$, and the local relations are trivial. There's no way for the blob complex to magically recover all the data of $\pi^\infty_{\leq 0}(T) \iso C_* T$.
@@ -633,8 +620,8 @@
\label{ex:e-n-alg}
Let $\cE\cB_n$ be the operad of smooth embeddings of $k$ (little)
copies of the standard $n$-ball $B^n$ into another (big) copy of $B^n$.
-$\cE\cB_n$ is homotopy equivalent to the standard framed little $n$-ball operad.
-(By shrining the little balls, we see that both are homotopic to the space of $k$ framed points
+The operad $\cE\cB_n$ is homotopy equivalent to the standard framed little $n$-ball operad.
+(By peeling the little balls, we see that both are homotopic to the space of $k$ framed points
in $B^n$.)
Let $A$ be an $\cE\cB_n$-algebra.
@@ -650,19 +637,15 @@
%\subsection{From $n$-categories to systems of fields}
\subsection{From balls to manifolds}
\label{ss:ncat_fields} \label{ss:ncat-coend}
-In this section we describe how to extend an $n$-category as described above (of either the plain or $A_\infty$ variety) to a system of fields.
+In this section we describe how to extend an $n$-category $\cC$ as described above (of either the plain or $A_\infty$ variety) to an invariant of manifolds, which we denote by $\cl{\cC}$. This extension is a certain colimit, and we've chosen the notation to remind you of this.
That is, we show that functors $\cC_k$ satisfying the axioms above have a canonical extension
from $k$-balls to arbitrary $k$-manifolds.
-In the case of plain $n$-categories, this is just the usual construction of a TQFT
-from an $n$-category.
-For $A_\infty$ $n$-categories, this gives an alternate (and
-somewhat more canonical/tautological) construction of the blob complex.
-\nn{though from this point of view it seems more natural to just add some
-adjective to ``TQFT" rather than coining a completely new term like ``blob complex".}
+In the case of plain $n$-categories, this construction factors into a construction of a system of fields and local relations, followed by the usual TQFT definition of a vector space invariant of manifolds of Definition \ref{defn:TQFT-invariant}.
+For an $A_\infty$ $n$-category, $\cl{\cC}$ is defined using a homotopy colimit instead. Recall that we can take a plain $n$-category $\cC$ and pass to the `free resolution', an $A_\infty$ $n$-category $\bc_*(\cC)$, by computing the blob complex of balls (recall Example \ref{ex:blob-complexes-of-balls} above). We will show in Corollary \ref{cor:new-old} below that the homotopy colimit invariant for a manifold $M$ associated to this $A_\infty$ $n$-category is actually the same as the original blob complex for $M$ with coefficients in $\cC$.
-We will first define the `cell-decomposition' poset $\cJ(W)$ for any $k$-manifold $W$, for $1 \leq k \leq n$.
+We will first define the `cell-decomposition' poset $\cell(W)$ for any $k$-manifold $W$, for $1 \leq k \leq n$.
An $n$-category $\cC$ provides a functor from this poset to the category of sets, and we will define $\cC(W)$ as a suitable colimit (or homotopy colimit in the $A_\infty$ case) of this functor.
-We'll later give a more explicit description of this colimit. In the case that the $n$-category $\cC$ is enriched (e.g. associates vector spaces or chain complexes to $n$-manifolds with boundary data), then the resulting system of fields is also enriched, that is, the set associated to $W$ splits into subsets according to boundary data, and each of these subsets has the appropriate structure (e.g. a vector space or chain complex).
+We'll later give a more explicit description of this colimit. In the case that the $n$-category $\cC$ is enriched (e.g. associates vector spaces or chain complexes to $n$-manifolds with boundary data), then the resulting colimit is also enriched, that is, the set associated to $W$ splits into subsets according to boundary data, and each of these subsets has the appropriate structure (e.g. a vector space or chain complex).
\begin{defn}
Say that a `permissible decomposition' of $W$ is a cell decomposition
@@ -674,7 +657,7 @@
Given permissible decompositions $x$ and $y$, we say that $x$ is a refinement
of $y$, or write $x \le y$, if each $k$-ball of $y$ is a union of $k$-balls of $x$.
-The category $\cJ(W)$ has objects the permissible decompositions of $W$, and a unique morphism from $x$ to $y$ if and only if $x$ is a refinement of $y$.
+The category $\cell(W)$ has objects the permissible decompositions of $W$, and a unique morphism from $x$ to $y$ if and only if $x$ is a refinement of $y$.
See Figure \ref{partofJfig} for an example.
\end{defn}
@@ -682,14 +665,14 @@
\begin{equation*}
\mathfig{.63}{ncat/zz2}
\end{equation*}
-\caption{A small part of $\cJ(W)$}
+\caption{A small part of $\cell(W)$}
\label{partofJfig}
\end{figure}
An $n$-category $\cC$ determines
-a functor $\psi_{\cC;W}$ from $\cJ(W)$ to the category of sets
+a functor $\psi_{\cC;W}$ from $\cell(W)$ to the category of sets
(possibly with additional structure if $k=n$).
Each $k$-ball $X$ of a decomposition $y$ of $W$ has its boundary decomposed into $k{-}1$-balls,
and, as described above, we have a subset $\cC(X)\spl \sub \cC(X)$ of morphisms whose boundaries
@@ -697,8 +680,8 @@
%For a $k$-cell $X$ in a cell composition of $W$, we can consider the `splittable fields' $\cC(X)_{\bdy X}$, the subset of $\cC(X)$ consisting of fields which are splittable with respect to each boundary $k-1$-cell.
\begin{defn}
-Define the functor $\psi_{\cC;W} : \cJ(W) \to \Set$ as follows.
-For a decomposition $x = \bigcup_a X_a$ in $\cJ(W)$, $\psi_{\cC;W}(x)$ is the subset
+Define the functor $\psi_{\cC;W} : \cell(W) \to \Set$ as follows.
+For a decomposition $x = \bigcup_a X_a$ in $\cell(W)$, $\psi_{\cC;W}(x)$ is the subset
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:psi-C}
\psi_{\cC;W}(x) \sub \prod_a \cC(X_a)\spl
@@ -708,7 +691,7 @@
If $x$ is a refinement of $y$, the map $\psi_{\cC;W}(x) \to \psi_{\cC;W}(y)$ is given by the composition maps of $\cC$.
\end{defn}
-When the $n$-category $\cC$ is enriched in some monoidal category $(A,\boxtimes)$, and $W$ is a
+When the $n$-category $\cC$ is enriched in some symmetric monoidal category $(A,\boxtimes)$, and $W$ is a
closed $n$-manifold, the functor $\psi_{\cC;W}$ has target $A$ and
we replace the cartesian product of sets appearing in Equation \eqref{eq:psi-C} with the monoidal product $\boxtimes$. (Moreover, $\psi_{\cC;W}(x)$ might be a subobject, rather than a subset, of the product.)
Similar things are true if $W$ is an $n$-manifold with non-empty boundary and we
@@ -742,7 +725,7 @@
is more involved.
%\nn{should probably rewrite this to be compatible with some standard reference}
Define an $m$-sequence in $W$ to be a sequence $x_0 \le x_1 \le \dots \le x_m$ of permissible decompositions of $W$.
-Such sequences (for all $m$) form a simplicial set in $\cJ(W)$.
+Such sequences (for all $m$) form a simplicial set in $\cell(W)$.
Define $V$ as a vector space via
\[
V = \bigoplus_{(x_i)} \psi_{\cC;W}(x_0)[m] ,
@@ -1074,14 +1057,14 @@
whose boundary components are labeled by $\cC$ modules $\{\cN_i\}$. Marked balls are shown shaded, plain balls are unshaded.}\label{mblabel}\end{figure}
Given permissible decompositions $x$ and $y$, we say that $x$ is a refinement
of $y$, or write $x \le y$, if each ball of $y$ is a union of balls of $x$.
-This defines a partial ordering $\cJ(W)$, which we will think of as a category.
-(The objects of $\cJ(D)$ are permissible decompositions of $W$, and there is a unique
+This defines a partial ordering $\cell(W)$, which we will think of as a category.
+(The objects of $\cell(D)$ are permissible decompositions of $W$, and there is a unique
morphism from $x$ to $y$ if and only if $x$ is a refinement of $y$.)
The collection of modules $\cN$ determines
-a functor $\psi_\cN$ from $\cJ(W)$ to the category of sets
+a functor $\psi_\cN$ from $\cell(W)$ to the category of sets
(possibly with additional structure if $k=n$).
-For a decomposition $x = (X_a, M_{ib})$ in $\cJ(W)$, define $\psi_\cN(x)$ to be the subset
+For a decomposition $x = (X_a, M_{ib})$ in $\cell(W)$, define $\psi_\cN(x)$ to be the subset
\[
\psi_\cN(x) \sub \left(\prod_a \cC(X_a)\right) \times \left(\prod_{ib} \cN_i(M_{ib})\right)
\]
--- a/text/tqftreview.tex Thu Jun 03 09:47:18 2010 -0700
+++ b/text/tqftreview.tex Thu Jun 03 12:33:47 2010 -0700
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
\label{sec:tqftsviafields}
In this section we review the notion of a ``system of fields and local relations".
-For more details see \cite{kw:tqft}. From a system of fields and local relations we can readily construct TQFT invariants of manifolds. This is described in \S \ref{sec:constructing-a-TQFT}. A system of fields is very closely related to an $n$-category. In Example \ref{ex:traditional-n-categories(fields)}, which runs throughout this section, we sketch the construction of a system of fields from an $n$-category. We make this more precise for $n=1$ or $2$ in \S \ref{sec:example:traditional-n-categories(fields)}, and much later, after we've have given our own definition of a `topological $n$-category' in \S \ref{sec:ncats}, we explain precisely how to go back and forth between a topological $n$-category and a system of fields and local relations.
+For more details see \cite{kw:tqft}. From a system of fields and local relations we can readily construct TQFT invariants of manifolds. This is described in \S \ref{sec:constructing-a-tqft}. A system of fields is very closely related to an $n$-category. In Example \ref{ex:traditional-n-categories(fields)}, which runs throughout this section, we sketch the construction of a system of fields from an $n$-category. We make this more precise for $n=1$ or $2$ in \S \ref{sec:example:traditional-n-categories(fields)}, and much later, after we've have given our own definition of a `topological $n$-category' in \S \ref{sec:ncats}, we explain precisely how to go back and forth between a topological $n$-category and a system of fields and local relations.
We only consider compact manifolds, so if $Y \sub X$ is a closed codimension 0
submanifold of $X$, then $X \setmin Y$ implicitly means the closure
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@
oriented, topological, smooth, spin, etc. --- but for definiteness we
will stick with unoriented PL.)
-Fix a symmetric monoidal category $\cS$ whose objects are sets. While reading the definition, you should just think about the cases $\cS = \Set$ or $\cS = \Vect$.
+Fix a symmetric monoidal category $\cS$. While reading the definition, you should just think about the cases $\cS = \Set$ or $\cS = \Vect$. The presentation here requires that the objects of $\cS$ have an underlying set, but this could probably be avoided if desired.
A $n$-dimensional {\it system of fields} in $\cS$
is a collection of functors $\cC_k : \cM_k \to \Set$ for $0 \leq k \leq n$
@@ -326,13 +326,14 @@
%To harmonize notation with the next section,
%let $\bc_0(X)$ be the vector space of finite linear combinations of fields on $X$, so
%$\bc_0(X) = \lf(X)$.
-Define $U(X) \sub \lf(X)$ to be the space of local relations in $\lf(X)$;
-$U(X)$ is generated by things of the form $u\bullet r$, where
-$u\in U(B)$ for some embedded $n$-ball $B\sub X$ and $r\in \cC(X\setmin B)$.
-Define
-\[
- A(X) \deq \lf(X) / U(X) .
-\]
+\begin{defn}
+\label{defn:TQFT-invariant}
+The TQFT invariant of $X$ associated to a system of fields $\cF$ and local relations $\cU$ is
+ $$A(X) \deq \lf(X) / U(X),$$
+where $\cU(X) \sub \lf(X)$ to be the space of local relations in $\lf(X)$;
+$\cU(X)$ is generated by things of the form $u\bullet r$, where
+$u\in \cU(B)$ for some embedded $n$-ball $B\sub X$ and $r\in \cC(X\setmin B)$.
+\end{defn}
(The blob complex, defined in the next section,
is in some sense the derived version of $A(X)$.)
If $X$ has boundary we can similarly define $A(X; c)$ for each